Unexpected Rarity of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Appalachian Plethodon Salamanders: 1957-2011

dc.contributor.authorMuletz, Carly
dc.contributor.authorCaruso, Nicholas M.
dc.contributor.authorFleischer, Robert C.
dc.contributor.authorMcDiarmid, Roy W.
dc.contributor.authorLips, Karen R.
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Maryland College Park
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Alabama Tuscaloosa
dc.contributor.otherSmithsonian Institution
dc.contributor.otherSmithsonian National Zoological Park & Conservation Biology Institute
dc.contributor.otherUnited States Department of the Interior
dc.contributor.otherUnited States Geological Survey
dc.contributor.otherSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-02T15:18:03Z
dc.date.available2023-10-02T15:18:03Z
dc.date.issued2014
dc.description.abstractWidespread population declines in terrestrial Plethodon salamanders occurred by the 1980s throughout the Appalachian Mountains, the center of global salamander diversity, with no evident recovery. We tested the hypothesis that the historic introduction and spread of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) Plethodon population declines. We expected to detect elevated prevalence of Bd prior to population declines as observed for Central American plethodontids. We tested 1,498 Plethodon salamanders of 12 species (892 museum specimens, 606 wild individuals) for the presence of Bd, and tested 94 of those for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bs) and for ranavirus. Field samples were collected in 2011 from 48 field sites across a 767 km transect. Historic samples from museum specimens ere collected at five sites with the greatest number and longest duration of collection (1957-987), four of which were sampled in the field in 2011. None of the museum specimens were positive for Bd, but four P. cinereus from field surveys positive The overall Bd prevalence from 1957-2011 for 12 Plethodon species sampled across a 757 km transect was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1-0.7%). All 94 samples were negative for Bs and ranavirus. We conclude that known amphibian pathogens are unlikely causes for declines in these Plethodon populations. Furthermore, these exceptionally low levels of Bd, in a region known to harbor Bd, may indicate that Plethodon specific traits limit Bd infection.en_US
dc.format.mediumelectronic
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationMuletz, C., Caruso, N. M., Fleischer, R. C., McDiarmid, R. W., & Lips, K. R. (2014). Unexpected Rarity of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Appalachian Plethodon Salamanders: 1957–2011. In J. E. Stajich (Ed.), PLoS ONE (Vol. 9, Issue 8, p. e103728). Public Library of Science (PLoS). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103728
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0103728
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-1551
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5047-9601
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-6907
dc.identifier.urihttps://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/12610
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherPLOS
dc.rights.licenseCC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.subjectAMPHIBIAN CHYTRID FUNGUS
dc.subjectNORTH-CAROLINA
dc.subjectLOW-PREVALENCE
dc.subjectWIDESPREAD
dc.subjectDISEASE
dc.subjectCHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS
dc.subjectINFECTION
dc.subjectDECLINES
dc.subjectPOPULATIONS
dc.subjectMORBIDITY
dc.subjectMultidisciplinary Sciences
dc.titleUnexpected Rarity of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Appalachian Plethodon Salamanders: 1957-2011en_US
dc.typeArticle
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