The effects of secondary stressors, social identity, and social support on perceived stress and resilience: Findings from the COVID-19 pandemic

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dc.contributor.authorNtontis, Evangelos
dc.contributor.authorBlackburn, Angelique M.
dc.contributor.authorHan, Hyemin
dc.contributor.authorStoeckli, Sabrina
dc.contributor.authorMilfont, Taciano L.
dc.contributor.authorTuominen, Jarno
dc.contributor.authorGriffin, Siobhan M.
dc.contributor.authorIkizer, Gozde
dc.contributor.authorJeftic, Alma
dc.contributor.authorChrona, Stavroula
dc.contributor.authorNasheedha, Aishath
dc.contributor.authorLiutsko, Liudmila
dc.contributor.authorVestergren, Sara
dc.contributor.otherOpen University - UK
dc.contributor.otherTexas A&M International University
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Alabama Tuscaloosa
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Bern
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Zurich
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Waikato
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Turku
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Limerick
dc.contributor.otherTOBB Ekonomi ve Teknoloji University
dc.contributor.otherInternational Christian University
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Sussex
dc.contributor.otherISGlobal
dc.contributor.otherLomonosov Moscow State University
dc.contributor.otherKeele University
dc.date.accessioned2023-09-28T19:35:41Z
dc.date.available2023-09-28T19:35:41Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractPrimary stressors are direct outcomes of extreme events (e.g., viruses, floodwater) whereas secondary stressors stem from pre-disaster life circumstances and societal arrangements (e.g., illness, problematic pre-disaster pol-icies) or from inefficient responses to the extreme event. Secondary stressors can cause significant long-term damage to people affected but are also tractable and amenable to change. In this study we explored the asso-ciation between secondary stressors, social identity processes, social support, and perceived stress and resilience. Pre-registered analyses of data from the COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey Round II (N = 14,600; 43 countries) show that secondary stressors are positively associated with perceived stress and negatively associated with resilience, even when controlling for the effects of primary stressors. Being a woman or having lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher exposure to secondary stressors, higher perceived stress, and lower resilience. Importantly, social identification is positively associated with expected support and with increased resilience and lower perceived stress. However, neither gender, SES, or social identification moderated the relationship be-tween secondary stressors and perceived stress and resilience. In conclusion, systemic reforms and the avail-ability of social support are paramount to reducing the effects of secondary stressors.en_US
dc.format.mediumelectronic
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationNtontis, E., Blackburn, A. M., Han, H., Stöckli, S., Milfont, T. L., Tuominen, J., Griffin, S. M., Ikizer, G., Jeftic, A., Chrona, S., Nasheedha, A., Liutsko, L., & Vestergren, S. (2023). The effects of secondary stressors, social identity, and social support on perceived stress and resilience: Findings from the COVID-19 pandemic. In Journal of Environmental Psychology (Vol. 88, p. 102007). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102007
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102007
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-4938
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-6015
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-0760
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3892-3199
dc.identifier.urihttps://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/11510
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.subjectCOVID-19
dc.subjectPrimary stressors
dc.subjectResilience
dc.subjectSecondary stressors
dc.subjectSocial identity
dc.subjectStress
dc.subjectSocial support
dc.subjectMENTAL-HEALTH
dc.subjectEnvironmental Studies
dc.subjectPsychology, Multidisciplinary
dc.titleThe effects of secondary stressors, social identity, and social support on perceived stress and resilience: Findings from the COVID-19 pandemicen_US
dc.typeArticle
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