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Galaxy Zoo: the environmental dependence of bars and bulges in disc galaxies

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dc.contributor.authorSkibba, Ramin A.
dc.contributor.authorMasters, Karen L.
dc.contributor.authorNichol, Robert C.
dc.contributor.authorZehavi, Idit
dc.contributor.authorHoyle, Ben
dc.contributor.authorEdmondson, Edward M.
dc.contributor.authorBamford, Steven P.
dc.contributor.authorCardamone, Carolin N.
dc.contributor.authorKeel, William C.
dc.contributor.authorLintott, Chris
dc.contributor.authorSchawinski, Kevin
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Arizona
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Portsmouth
dc.contributor.otherCase Western Reserve University
dc.contributor.otherInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC)
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Barcelona
dc.contributor.otherHelsinki Institute of Physics
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Helsinki
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Nottingham
dc.contributor.otherMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
dc.contributor.otherBrown University
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Alabama Tuscaloosa
dc.contributor.otherUniversity of Oxford
dc.contributor.otherYale University
dc.date.accessioned2018-09-21T19:31:36Z
dc.date.available2018-09-21T19:31:36Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.description.abstractWe present an analysis of the environmental dependence of bars and bulges in disc galaxies, using a volume-limited catalogue of 15 810 galaxies at z < 0.06 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with visual morphologies from the Galaxy Zoo 2 project. We find that the likelihood of having a bar, or bulge, in disc galaxies increases when the galaxies have redder (optical) colours and larger stellar masses, and observe a transition in the bar and bulge likelihoods at M*= 2 x 10(10) M?, such that massive disc galaxies are more likely to host bars and bulges. In addition, while some barred and most bulge-dominated galaxies are on the red sequence of the colourmagnitude diagram, we see a wider variety of colours for galaxies that host bars. We use galaxy clustering methods to demonstrate statistically significant environmental correlations of barred, and bulge-dominated, galaxies, from projected separations of 150 kpc h-1 to 3 Mpc h-1. These environmental correlations appear to be independent of each other: i.e. bulge-dominated disc galaxies exhibit a significant barenvironment correlation, and barred disc galaxies show a bulgeenvironment correlation. As a result of sparse sampling tests our sample is nearly 20 times larger than those used previously we argue that previous studies that did not detect a barenvironment correlation were likely inhibited by small number statistics. We demonstrate that approximately half of the barenvironment correlation can be explained by the fact that more massive dark matter haloes host redder disc galaxies, which are then more likely to have bars; this fraction is estimated to be 50 +/- 10 per cent from a mock catalogue analysis and 60 +/- 5 per cent from the data. Likewise, we show that the environmental dependence of stellar mass can only explain a smaller fraction (25 +/- 10 per cent) of the barenvironment correlation. Therefore, a significant fraction of our observed environmental dependence of barred galaxies is not due to colour or stellar mass dependences, and hence must be due to another galaxy property, such as gas content, or to environmental influences. Finally, by analysing the projected clustering of barred and unbarred disc galaxies with halo occupation models, we argue that barred galaxies are in slightly higher mass haloes than unbarred ones, and some of them (approximately 25 per cent) are satellite galaxies in groups. We discuss the implications of our results on the effects of minor mergers and interactions on bar formation in disc galaxies.en_US
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationSkibba, R. et al. (2012): Galaxy Zoo: the environmental dependence of bars and bulges in disc galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 423(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20972.x
dc.identifier.doi10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20972.x
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0846-9578
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-7195
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5464-0888
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-6024
dc.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-1357
dc.identifier.urihttp://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/3923
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherWiley-Blackwell
dc.rights.licenseAttribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectmethods: statistical
dc.subjectgalaxies: evolution
dc.subjectgalaxies: haloes
dc.subjectgalaxies: spiral
dc.subjectgalaxies: structure
dc.subjectlarge-scale structure of the Universe
dc.subjectDIGITAL-SKY-SURVEY
dc.subjectMORPHOLOGY-DENSITY RELATION
dc.subjectDARK-MATTER SUBSTRUCTURE
dc.subjectCOLOR-MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM
dc.subjectBARRED SPIRAL GALAXIES
dc.subjectSTAR-FORMATION HISTORY
dc.subjectLAMBDA-CDM COSMOLOGY
dc.subjectSECULAR EVOLUTION
dc.subjectSTELLAR MASS
dc.subjectHUBBLE SEQUENCE
dc.subjectAstronomy & Astrophysics
dc.titleGalaxy Zoo: the environmental dependence of bars and bulges in disc galaxiesen_US
dc.typetext
dc.typeReview

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