Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged U(1)_B-L model

Abstract

An additional \(U\left(1\right)\) gauge interaction is one of the promising extensions of the standard model of particle physics. Among others, the \(U\left(1{\right)}_{B-L}\) gauge symmetry is particularly interesting because it addresses the origin of Majorana masses of right-handed neutrinos, which naturally leads to tiny light neutrino masses through the seesaw mechanism. We show that, based on the minimal \(U\left(1{\right)}_{B-L}\) model, the symmetry breaking of the extra \(U\left(1\right)\) gauge symmetry with its minimal Higgs sector in the early universe can exhibit the first-order phase transition and hence generate a large enough amplitude of stochastic gravitational wave radiation that is detectable in future experiments.