The junior college emerged as a viable element of the American higher education system during the twentieth century. The first junior college established in this country was in Joliet, Illinois in 1901 and by 1976 approximately 1200 junior colleges had been established with a total student enrollment of over 4,000,000. The student services area in junior colleges, however, is a relatively new phenomenon having expanded and developed primarily after World War II. Historically, this area had a strong impetus in its development from the use of standardized tests for the classification of soldiers and the employment of psychologists and counselors for the screening and placement of new recruits during World War II.