In the past, vertebrate paleontologists in Alabama focused primarily on classical methods of investigation, for example, by examining the gross anatomy of fossilized skeletal elements. More recently, new methods were developed that enable paleontologists to examine the molecular composition of fossilized bones and teeth, so that they may be used as proxies for determining past environmental and biological conditions. The analyses presented here examine vertebrate fossils from the Late Cretaceous aged marine formations of Alabama, which represent one of the warmest time periods in Earth’s history. The first analysis examines the rare earth element (REE) content of biophosphates to determine fossil provenance and relative paleobathymetry of the marine strata in which the fossils were deposited. The second analysis examines the strontium isotope ratios present in fossil shark tooth enameloid to determine numerical ages of the containing geologic formations. The final analysis examines the oxygen isotope content of biophosphates for ambient temperature determination of seawater present during the Late Cretaceous and the body temperatures of a variety of vertebrate organisms including mosasaurs and birds. The data obtained by this study on the greenhouse climate present during the Late Cretaceous may possibly be used to better enhance computer modelling of future climate change, given the current state of global warming, and the biological response to this warming trend.