Department of Kinesiology
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Item Accuracy of a Mobile 2D Imaging System for Body Volume and Subsequent Composition Estimates in a Three-Compartment Model(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2021) Fedewa, Michael V.; Sullivan, Katherine; Hornikel, Bjoern; Holmes, Clifton J.; Metoyer, Casey J.; Esco, Michael R.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPurpose The purpose of the study was to compare a single two-dimensional image processing system (IMAGE) to underwater weighing (UWW) for measuring body volume (BV) and subsequently estimating body fat percentage (%Fat), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) via a 3-compartment (3C) model. Methods A sample of participants age 18-39 yr was recruited for this study (n = 67, 47.8% female). BV was measured with UWW and predicted via the IMAGE software. The BV estimates from UWW (3C(UWW)) and IMAGE (3C(IMAGE)) were separately combined with constant total body water and body mass values for 3C model calculation of %Fat, FM, and FFM. Results BV obtained from the IMAGE was 67.76 +/- 12.19 and 67.72 +/- 12.04 L from UWW, which was not significantly different (P = 0.578) and very largely correlated (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). When converted to %Fat (3C(UWW) = 21.01% +/- 7.30%, 3C(IMAGE) = 21.08% +/- 7.04%, P = 0.775), FM (3C(UWW) = 14.68 +/- 5.15 kg, 3C(IMAGE) = 14.78 +/- 5.08 kg, P = 0.578), and FFM (3C(UWW) = 57.00 +/- 13.20 kg, 3C(IMAGE) = 56.90 +/- 12.84 kg, P = 0.578) with the 3C model, no significant mean differences and very large correlations (r values ranged from 0.96 to 0.99) were observed. In addition, the standard error of estimate, total error, and 95% limits of agreement for all three metrics were small and considered acceptable. Conclusions An IMAGE system provides valid estimates of BV that accurately estimates body composition in a 3C model.Item Achieving Consensus Through a Modified Delphi Technique to Create the Post-concussion Collegiate Return-to-Learn Protocol(Adis, 2023) Memmini, Allyssa K.; Popovich, Michael J.; Schuyten, Kristen H.; Herring, Stanley A.; Scott, Katie L.; Clugston, James R.; Choe, Meeryo C.; Bailey, Christopher M.; Brooks, M. Alison; Anderson, Scott A.; McCrea, Michael A.; Kontos, Anthony P.; Wallace, Jessica S.; Mihalik, Johna K. Register; Kasamatsu, Tricia M.; McLeod, Tamara Valovich; Rawlins, Michelle L. Weber; Snedden, Traci R.; Kaplan, Matthew; Akani, Briana; Orr, La'Joya C. L.; Hasson, Rebecca E.; Rifat, Sami F.; Broglio, Steven P.; University of New Mexico; University of Michigan; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Florida; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Oklahoma - Norman; Medical College of Wisconsin; University of Pittsburgh; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; California State University Fullerton; A.T. Still University of Health Sciences; San Diego State University; Cleveland Clinic FoundationBackground Sport-related concussions (SRCs) affect millions of adolescents and young adults annually in the USA; however, current SRC consensus statements provide limited guidance on academic support for students within higher education. Objective To generate consensus on appropriate academic recommendations for clinicians, students, and academic stakeholders to support university students during their recovery. Methods Panelists participated in three stages of a modified Delphi procedure: the first stage included a series of open-ended questions after reviewing a literature review on post-SRC return-to-learn (RTL) in higher education; the second stage asked panelists to anonymously rate the recommendations developed through the first Delphi stage using a 9-point scale; and the final stage offered panelists the opportunity to change their responses and/or provide feedback based on the group's overall ratings. Results Twenty-two panelists including clinicians, concussion researchers, and academic stakeholders (54.5% female) from 15 institutions and/or healthcare systems participated in a modified Delphi procedure. A total of 42 statements were developed after round one. Following the next two rounds, 27 statements achieved consensus amongst the panel resulting in the four-stage Post-Concussion Collegiate RTL Protocol. Conclusion There are several unique challenges when assisting university students back to the classroom after SRC. Explicit guidelines on when to seek additional medical care (e.g., if they are experiencing worsening or persistent symptoms) and how to approach their instructor(s) regarding academic support may help the student self-advocate. Findings from the present study address barriers and provide a framework for universities to facilitate a multidisciplinary approach amongst medical and academic stakeholders.Item Acute Effect of Lower-Body Vibration as a Recovery Method After Fatiguing ExerciseNepocatych, Svetlana; Balilionis, Gytis; Katica, Charlie P.; Wingo, Jonathan E.; Bishop, Philip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaItem Acute Effects of a Perturbation-Based Balance Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study(Frontiers, 2021) Martelli, Dario; Kang, Jiyeon; Aprigliano, Federica; Staudinger, Ursula M.; Agrawal, Sunil K.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; State University of New York (SUNY) Buffalo; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Columbia UniversityAging is accompanied by an alteration in the capacity to ambulate, react to external balance perturbations, and resolve cognitive tasks. Perturbation-based balance training has been used to induce adaptations of gait stability and reduce fall risk. The compensatory reactions generated in response to external perturbations depend on the activation of specific neural structures. This suggests that training balance recovery reactions should show acute cognitive training effects. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to repeated balance perturbations while walking can produce acute aftereffects that improve proactive and reactive strategies to control gait stability and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. It is expected that an adaptation of the recovery reactions would be associated with increased selective attention and information processing speed. Twenty-eight healthy older adults were assigned to either an Experimental (EG) or a Control Group (CG). The protocol was divided in 2 days. During the first visit, all participants completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT). During the second visit, a cable-driven robot was used to apply waist-pull perturbations while walking on a treadmill. The EG was trained with multidirectional perturbations of increasing intensity. The CG walked for a comparable amount of time with cables on, but without experiencing perturbations. Before and after the training, all participants were exposed to diagonal waist-pull perturbations. Changes in gait stability were evaluated by comparing the distance between the heel of the leading leg and the extrapolated Center of Mass (Heel-XCoM Distance-HXD) at perturbation onset (PON) and first compensatory heel strike (CHS). Finally, the cables were removed, and participants completed the SDMT and the TMT again. Results showed that only the EG adapted the gait stability (p < 0.001) in reaction to diagonal perturbations and showed improved performance in the SDMT (p < 0.001). This study provides the first evidence that a single session of perturbation-based balance training produce acute aftereffects in terms of increased cognitive performance and gait stability in healthy older adults. Future studies will include measures of functional activation of the cerebral cortex and examine whether a multi-session training will demonstrate chronic effects.Item Acute effects of exercise between sets on upper-body power(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Fava, Anthony William; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPerforming exercise between sets allows for increased workload in a given training session. Prior use of exercises can contribute to muscle activation or mobility which can aid in the performance of the following set. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects on upper-body (UB) power when performing different exercise types between sets. Resistance-trained (men: N = 7, age = 24 ± 2.4 years, Ht. = 176 ± 6.1 cm, Wt. = 92.5 ± 18.4 Kg, Body Comp = 18 ± 6.3 % fat; women N = 3, age = 21± 1.2 years, Ht. = 170 ± 5.1 cm, Wt. = 66.5 ± 7.16 Kg, Body Comp = 29 ± 6.0 % fat) volunteers participated in this study. All subjects underwent seven experimental trials and one familiarization trial. Each trial incorporated an exercise that was repeated between four sets of an UB-power test. The effects of six different exercises were tested. A pre-power measurement (PreP) was the first set prior to the start of the exercise and used as a comparison measurement. Exercise performed between sets included: resistance exercise to agonist muscle groups using suspension training (RA), mild stretching exercises to agonist muscle groups (SA), resistance exercise to antagonist muscle groups using suspension training (RAnt), mild stretching exercises to antagonist muscle groups (SAnt), plyometric to agonist muscle groups (PlyoA) and rest as control (C). Treatments were counterbalanced and randomly assigned to participants. There was no significant effect on UB power among treatments performed (p = .080), independent of sets. There was no significant effect on UB power across sets (p = .449), independent of treatment. There was a significant interaction between treatment and sets (p = .038). UB power responded significantly different among treatments and across sets. Mean UB power (MUBP) increased from the first set to the second set for all treatments except control. MUBP for RA and SAnt then decreased on the third set before increasing on the fourth, showing fluctuation in UB power across sets. Over time PlyoA and SA increased until the third set before decreasing on the fourth set demonstrating a ceiling effect, yet effective for early sets. MUBP for RAnt continued to increase across all sets. MUBP remained above C for all treatments for sets two, three and four except RA and the fourth set of SA.Item Acute Exercise and Oxidative Stress: CrossFit (TM) vs. Treadmill Bout(Sciendo, 2015) Kliszczewicz, Brian; Quindry, C. John; Blessing, L. Daniel; Oliver, D. Gretchen; Esco, R. Michael; Taylor, J. Kyle; Kennesaw State University; Auburn University; University of Alabama TuscaloosaCrossFit (TM), a popular high-intensity training modality, has been the subject of scrutiny, with concerns of elevated risk of injury and health. Despite these concerns empirical evidence regarding physiologic stresses including acute oxidative stress is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute redox response to a CrossFit (TM) bout. Furthermore, these findings were compared to a high-intensity treadmill bout as a point of reference. Ten males 26.4 +/- 2.7 yrs having three or more months of CrossFit (TM) experience participated in the present study. Blood plasma was collected at four time points: Pre-exercise (PRE), immediately-post-exercise (IPE), 1 hr-post (1-HP) and 2 hr-post (2-HP), to examine oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity. Regarding plasma oxidative damage, CrossFit (TM) and Treadmill elicited a time-dependent increase of lipid peroxides 1-HP (CrossFit (TM)=+143%, Treadmill=+115%) and 2-HP (CrossFit (TM) =+256%, Treadmill+167%). Protein Carbonyls were increased IPE in CF only (+5%), while a time-dependent decrease occurred 1-HP (CrossFit (TM)=-16%, Treadmill=-8%) and 2-HP (CF=-16%, TM=-1%) compared to IPE. Regarding antioxidant capacity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power also demonstrated a time-dependent increase within CrossFit (TM) and Treadmill: IPE (CrossFit (TM)=+25%, Treadmill=+17%), 1-HP (CrossFit (TM)=+26%, Treadmill=+4.8%), 2-HP (CrossFit (TM)=+20%, Treadmill=+12%). Total Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity showed a time-dependent decrease in IPE (CrossFit (TM)=-10%, Treadmill=-12%), 1-HP (CrossFit (TM)=-12%, Treadmill=-6%), 2-HP (CrossFit (TM)=-7%, Treadmill=11%). No trial-dependent differences were observed in any biomarker of oxidative stress. The CrossFit (TM) bout elicited an acute blood oxidative stress response comparable to a traditional bout of high-intensity treadmill running. Results also confirm that exercise intensity and the time course of exercise recovery influence oxidative responses.Item Adequacy of the Ultra-Short-Term HRV to Assess Adaptive Processes in Youth Female Basketball Players(Sciendo, 2017) Nakamura, Fabio Y.; Pereira, Lucas A.; Abad, Cesar C. Cal; Cruz, Igor F.; Flatt, Andrew A.; Esco, Michael R.; Loturco, Irineu; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; University of Alabama TuscaloosaHeart rate variability has been widely used to monitor athletes' cardiac autonomic control changes induced by training and competition, and recently shorter recording times have been sought to improve its practicality. The aim of this study was to test the agreement between the (ultra-short-term) natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal RR intervals (lnRMSSD - measured in only 1 min post-1 min stabilization) and the criterion lnRMSSD (measured in the last 5 min out of 10 min of recording) in young female basketball players. Furthermore, the correlation between training induced delta change in the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD was calculated. Seventeen players were assessed at rest pre-and post-eight weeks of training. Trivial effect sizes (-0.03 in the pre-and 0.10 in the post-treatment) were found in the comparison between the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD (3.29 +/- 0.45 and 3.49 +/- 0.35 ms, in the pre-and post-, respectively) and the criterion lnRMSSD (3.30 +/- 0.40 and 3.45 +/- 0.41 ms, in the pre-and post-, respectively) (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 and 0.93). In both cases, the response to training was significant, with Pearson's correlation of 0.82 between the delta changes of the ultra-short-term lnRMSSD and the criterion lnRMSSD. In conclusion, the lnRMSSD can be calculated within only 2 min of data acquisition (the 1(st) min discarded) in young female basketball players, with the ultra-short-term measure presenting similar sensitivity to training effects as the standard criterion measure.Item Advancing sport education: the influence of negotiations prior to se, within se, and students’ autobiographical memories of multiple seasons(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Wahl-Alexander, Zachary; Curtner-Smith, Matthew; Sinelnikov, Oleg A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAll teaching includes a series of negotiations between teachers and student. Within traditional direct instruction, most negotiations are initiated by students. Such student-initiated negotiations tend to be negative in nature and aimed at changing or altering instructional tasks so that they are less demanding, reduce the performance standards for task completion, and modify the context in which the tasks are to be carried out. Furthermore, the pattern of student-initiated negotiations appears to vary within different curriculum models. Within Sport Education, a pedagogical model designed around “play education,” aimed at teaching sport, games, and physical education, there tend to be few negotiations based upon the indirect style of the model. This dissertation examined the influence of a training program on the ability of Pre-Service Teachers (PTs) to negotiate, the impact of one purposefully negotiated season of Sport Education on a teacher and his 18 students, and middle school students’ recollections of their participation in a significant number of Sport Education seasons over a period of 5 years. Data were collected by employing a wide variety of qualitative techniques including informal and formal interviews, focus group interviews, stimulated recall interviews, document analysis, reflective journaling, writing samples, and participant and non-participant observations. Data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. The major key findings were as follows: (a) the training program was effective in that it enhanced PTs’ ability to negotiate with their students, (b) a purposefully negotiated SE season was largely successful and the indications were that SE provided an excellent framework on which to build such a unit, (c) adherence to the central features of Sport Education and meaningful participation in several iterations of quality Sport Education seasons may be required for students to move closer to achieving the lofty goals of the model for students to become competent, literate and enthusiastic sportspeople. All findings indicate the numerous benefits of the Sport Education model.Item African American Females Are Less Metabolically Flexible Compared with Caucasian American Females following a Single High-Fat Meal: A Pilot Study(MDPI, 2022) Olenick, Alyssa A.; Pearson, Regis C.; Shaker, Nuha; Blankenship, Maire M.; Tinius, Rachel A.; Winchester, Lee J.; Oregon, Evie; Maples, Jill M.; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Kentucky; Western Kentucky University; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science CenterThe relationship between metabolic flexibility (MF) and components of metabolic disease has not been well-studied among African American (AA) females and may play a role in the higher incidence of chronic disease among them compared with Caucasian American (CA) females. This pilot study aimed to compare the metabolic response of AA and CA females after a high-fat meal. Eleven AA (25.6 (5.6) y, 27.2 (6.0) kg/m(2), 27.5 (9.7) % body fat) and twelve CA (26.5 (1.5) y, 25.7 (5.3) kg/m(2), 25.0 (7.4) % body fat) women free of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and underwent a high-fat meal challenge (55.9% fat). Lipid oxidation, insulin, glucose, and interleukin (IL)-8 were measured fasted, 2 and 4 h postprandial. AA females had a significantly lower increase in lipid oxidation from baseline to 2 h postprandial (p = 0.022), and trended lower at 4 h postprandial (p = 0.081) compared with CA females, indicating worse MF. No group differences in insulin, glucose or HOMA-IR were detected. IL-8 was significantly higher in AA females compared with CA females at 2 and 4 h postprandial (p = 0.016 and p = 0.015, respectively). These findings provide evidence of metabolic and inflammatory disparities among AA females compared with CA females that could serve as a predictor of chronic disease in individuals with a disproportionately higher risk of development.Item Agreement between ultrasound protocols for the estimation of body fat percentage: comparison to a four-compartment model. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2023.Sullivan, Katherine; Fedewa, Michael; Esco, Michael; Winchester, Lee; Metoyer, CaseyItem An analysis of U.S. and Korea newspaper coverage on athletes with disabilities during the 2008 Beijing Paralympics(University of Alabama Libraries, 2012) Baek, Seung Yup; Hardin, L. Brent; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe first purpose of this study was to examine how athletes with disabilities have been described and portrayed in the newspaper coverage during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. The second purpose of this study was to explore the socio-cultural perspectives and ideals on athletes with disabilities in the newspaper coverage during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games from the U.S. and Korean newspapers. The last purpose of this study was to compare newspaper coverage from the U.S. and Korea newspaper on how the newspapers differently and similarly described and presented athletes with disabilities. For completion of these purposes, this study has examined and analyzed the newspaper texts and photographs during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. This study was involved in the 14 days of newspapers from September 3rd to 22nd, 2008, in USA Today from the U.S. and 15 days of newspapers from September 3rd to 22nd, 2008 in Donga Ilbo from South Korea during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. The results showed that: (1) Hegemony of able bodied and male athletes exists in the newspaper coverage in USA Today and Donga Ilbo; (2) Athletes with disabilities and female athletes have been received less attention in newspaper coverage than able bodied and male athletes; (3) The coverage of USA Today on athletes with disabilities and disability sport during the 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games have been trivialized and marginalized; (4) The treatment of female athletes with disabilities have depicted as passive image in Donga Ilbo, whereas no treatment in USA Today; (5) Lack of newsworthiness on athletes with disabilities in USA Today was found; and (6) Gender and race issues in the newspaper coverage in USA Tdoay and Donga Ilbo are still present. For further research, the newspaper coverage in other countries during the Paralympic Games will be helpful to confirm the treatment and description on athletes with disabilities and disability sports. In addition, the study that examines the coverage on athletes with disabilities through the Internet site which is dominated in current period will be required because of impact of technological current period.Item Anxiety and affective responses to acute bouts of moderate intensity exercise (walking): effects of varying durations(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Geary, Colleen Louise; Richardson, Mark T.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAnxiety affects approximately 40 million American adults each year (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, and Walters, 2005; National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2009). However, the dose-response research investigating the antianxiety and affective benefits of acute bouts of exercise indicates that multiple dose-response issues remain unresolved. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anxiolytic and affective responses following an acute bout of moderate intensity walking of different durations (30, 10 and 5 minutes) on a moderately fit, non-clinically anxious population. This study also sought to test the duration of effect by assessing post-exercise responses immediately and at 20 and 40 minutes post-exercise. This is the first study to include the analysis of four specific covariates (trait anxiety, fitness level, enjoyment of activity, and sex) when examining psychological responses to walking. One of the main findings of the current investigation was that a main effect of time was observed for the majority of variables. While some measures showed favorable (anxiety, tense arousal, calmness, tension, tranquility, physical exhaustion, affective valence, and revitalization) other measures ultimately showed unfavorable (positive affect, perceived activation, energetic arousal, energy, and positive engagement) responses following the cessation of exercise. Secondly, although several measures were affected by exercise duration (tranquility, physical exhaustion, and affective valence), the majority were not. Finally, of the four covariates, only fitness (positive affect, energetic arousal, and energy) and sex (positive affect, revitalization, energy, and calmness) influenced the exercise-affect relationship.Item Assessment in physical education(University of Alabama Libraries, 2018) Starck, Jenna Rae; Sinelnikov, Oleg A.; Richards, K. Andrew R.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe utilization and practice of assessment in physical education has recently been targeted as the missing ingredient in the teaching-learning process. Although some progress has been made towards the use of alternative assessment, preservice and inservice teachers’ assessment practices are far from being educationally productive. Therefore, guided by occupational socialization theory and the assessment literacy framework, this dissertation explored how preservice and inservice teachers understand and enact beliefs of assessment. In study 1, a research-based conceptual framework is presented for helping preservice teachers develop assessment literacy. Arguments for developing assessment literacy are couched in occupational socialization theory to help overcome barriers to the adoption and use of assessment practices. Further, a four phase model is provided for physical education teacher education programs to integrate assessment progressively across a program toward the goal of promoting assessment literacy.Study 2 investigated the influence of workplace factors and teachers’ conceptions of assessment on the extent to which they report integrating quality assessment into their practice. Survey data from 90 inservice physical education teachers from Alabama were analyzed through Ordinary Least Squares regression. Specifically, teachers’ perceived quality of assessment was regressed on workplace factors (perceived organizational support, marginalization, and class size) and conceptions of assessment. The first regression model (adjusted R2 = .08) did not include any significant predictors, therefore a second was run to examine if workplace factors and conceptions of assessment could be used to predict the belief that assessment improves education. In the second model (adjusted R2 = .66) the following variables were significant: assessment makes schools accountable, assessment makes students accountable, assessment is irrelevant, marginalization, and perceived organizational support. Study 3 investigated how six preservice physical education teachers understood and enacted the message system (assessment, pedagogy, and curriculum) while employing the Sport Education model. The model was taught to elementary students during a seven week early field experience, totaling 540 instructional minutes. Data collection methods comprised of interviews (formal, focus group, and informal), passive participation observation, weekly journals, critical incidents, document collection, and video recordings of Sport Education lessons. Results of the study included three themes: (a) the structure and features of the Sport Education model and informal assessment were driving forces of instructional decisions, (b) the Sport Education model was a driving force of formal assessment, and (c) although valuing assessment, the preservice teachers demonstrated low literacy upon implementation of assessment.Item Association among aerobic performance, resting heart rate and heart rate variability in physically active college-aged adults(University of Alabama Libraries, 2018) Martin, Darrell; Esco, Michael R.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smartphone-derived heart rate measures (resting heart rate [RHR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) and performance on an aerobic performance test. Seventeen male college students performed 55-second HR measures in the seated position every morning for 5 days. The root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (RMSSD) was used as the HRV metric. The weekly mean and coefficient of variation of RHR (RHRM and RHRCV, respectively) and RMSSD (RMSSDM and RMSSDCV, respectively) were determined. Participants completed the 2 mile run (2MR) on the last day of the week. Intra-class correlations (ICC) were used to determine the stability in the heart rate measures across the 5-day period. Pearson correlations were performed to determine the relationship between 2MR and RHRCV, HRM, RMSSDM and RMSSDCV. RHR (ICC = 0.87 [0.74 to 0.95], p < 0.05) displayed better stability over the 5-day period relative to the RMSSD (ICC = 0.66 [0.32 to 0.86], p < 0.05). RHRM was very strongly correlated with 2MR (r = 0.63), as was RMSSDCV (r = 0.55). Conversely, neither RHRCV nor RMSSDM correlated significantly to the 2MR. Therefore, both RHRM and RMSSDCV may be useful objective heart rate indicators to reflect aerobic performance.Item Association between Subjective Indicators of Recovery Status and Heart Rate Variability among Divison-1 Sprint-Swimmers(MDPI, 2018) Flatt, Andrew A.; Esco, Michael R.; Nakamura, Fabio Y.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; G d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara; James Cook UniversityHeart rate variability (HRV) is a physiological marker of training adaptation among athletes. However, HRV interpretation is challenging when assessed in isolation due to its sensitivity to various training and non-training-related factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between athlete-self report measures of recovery (ASRM) and HRV throughout a preparatory training period. Ultra-short natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) and subjective ratings of sleep quality, fatigue, muscle soreness, stress and mood were acquired daily for 4 weeks among Division-1 sprint-swimmers (n = 17 males). ASRM were converted to z-scores and classified as average (z-score -0.5-0.5), better than average (z-score > 0.5) or worse than average (z-score < -0.5). Linear mixed models were used to evaluate differences in LnRMSSD based on ASRM classifications. LnRMSSD was higher (p < 0.05) when perceived sleep quality, fatigue, stress and mood were better than average versus worse than average. Within-subject correlations revealed that 15 of 17 subjects demonstrated at least one relationship (p < 0.05) between LnRMSSD and ASRM variables. Changes in HRV may be the result of non-training related factors and thus practitioners are encouraged to include subjective measures to facilitate targeted interventions to support training adaptations.Item Associations between Multimodal Fitness Assessments and Rowing Ergometer Performance in Collegiate Female Athletes(MDPI, 2020) Holmes, Clifton J.; Hornikel, Bjoern; Sullivan, Katherine; Fedewa, Michael V.; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe purpose was to examine the association of critical power from a three-minute all-out row (CP3-min) and peak power from a one-stroke maximum test (1-Stroke) with laboratory-based fitness assessments (peak oxygen consumption [(V)over dotO(2peak)] and Wingate anaerobic test [WAnT]) and 6000 m (6K) and 2000 m (2K) rowing ergometer performance. Thirty-one female collegiate rowers (20.2 +/- 1.1 years, 70.9 +/- 6.9 kg, and 172.2 +/- 4.8 cm) participated in fitness and rowing performance testing. Pearson's correlations, linear regression, and Cohen's q were used to determine statistical relationships. Absolute (V)over dotO(2peak) values displayed significant correlations with 6K(total) (-0.68), 6K(split) (-0.68), 2K(total) (-0.64), and 2K(split) (-0.43). Relative (V)over dotO(2peak) displayed significant correlations with 6K(total) (-0.36), and 6K(split) (-0.37). CP3-min demonstrated significant correlations with 6K(total) (-0.62), 6K(split) (-0.62), 2K(total) (-0.61), and 2K(split) (-0.99). For 2K(split), a significant difference was observed between relative (V)over dotO(2peak) and CP3-min correlations with a "large" effect size (q = 2.367). Furthermore, 1-Stroke showed significant associations with 6K(total) (-0.63), 6K(split) (-0.63), 2K(total) (-0.62), and 2K(split) (-0.44), while WAnT produced non-significant correlations. Absolute (V)over dotO(2peak) CP3-min accounted for significant proportions of variance observed with performance measures (p < 0.05). Practitioners should consider incorporating CP3-min and 1-Stroke as additional tests for gauging rowing performance.Item An awakening: the life history of a female physical educator, coach, and administrator(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Fowler, Vivian; Hardin, L. Brent; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe purpose of this dissertation was to examine the experiences of a female athlete, physical educator, and higher education administrator born the in the 1930s through the use of life history research. This study documents her life history as a female athlete, physical educator, administrator, and a coach who was working during the Civil Rights Movement and the passing of Title IX. Through qualitative life history methods this participant was interviewed extensively via a variety of naturalistic techniques. The collected data of her life history were analyzed and her story is retold at length in her own words. The data from her life history are also organized into themes that chronicle her journey through sport and athletics as a female athlete, teacher, coach, and administrator for sixty-five years from 1937 to 2002.Item Balance, Basic Anthropometrics and Performance in Young Alpine Skiers; Longitudinal Analysis of the Associations During Two Competitive Seasons(Sciendo, 2017) Lesnik, Blaz; Sekulic, Damir; Supej, Matej; Esco, Michael R.; Zvan, Milan; University of Ljubljana; University of Split; University of Alabama TuscaloosaBalance is hypothesized to be important in alpine skiing, while it is known that balance depends on anthropometric indices. The aim of this investigation was to explore the association between balance, anthropometrics and skiing-results over two competitive seasons among youth alpine-skiers. Eighty-one skiers (40 females) participated in this study. The participants were tested twice over two competitive seasons: when they were 12-13 years old (U14) and when they were 14-15 years old (U16). The variables consisted of anthropometrics (body height and body mass) and three balance indexes (medio-lateral-, anterio-posterior- and overall-stability-index). Additionally, skiing results in U14 and U16 were evaluated. The balance status did not change significantly over the observed period of time regardless of the significant changes in body mass and height. The relationships between balance and skiing results were higher in the U14 (Pearson's r = 0.45-0.54) than in the U16 (Pearson's r = 0.05-0.28). The relationships between anthropometrics and competitive results were generally stronger in girls (Pearson's r = 0.39-0.88) than in boys (Pearson's r = 0.26-0.58). After clustering athletes into three achievement groups on a basis of their competitive performance, discriminant canonical analysis showed that relationships between balance and skiing results decreased, while the relationships between anthropometrics and skiing results increased over the two observed seasons. This study highlighted the importance of balance in youth alpine skiing in the age range of 11-14 years.Item Barriers to exercise/physical activity for adolescents in rural west Alabama(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Cox, Melissa; Richardson, Mark T.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaRegular physical activity (PA) in childhood and adolescence improves strength and endurance, helps build healthy bones and muscles, helps control weight, reduces anxiety and stress, increases self-esteem, and may improve blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) shows PA trends among adolescents (defined as 13 – 18 yrs.) decrease such that the majority of adolescents are not participating in sufficient activity to meet recommended guidelines. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors that are present in adolescence have a tendency to track into adulthood. Youth who are overweight tend to have a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors than their normal weight peers. Rural adolescents may not be engaging in PA as often as their urban counterparts due to barriers of their rural lifestyle. Many rural communities are characterized by vast distances, low socioeconomic status, transportation challenges, and low public funding levels for facilities, programs, and other public amenities. Rural residency, especially in the southern U.S. has been associated with low levels of PA. The rural population is very unique in that they have specific barriers to PA. These may be social, financial, transportation, personal (i.e. lack of time, resources, caregiver responsibilities) or environmental factors (i.e., transportation, inadequate programs, lack of facilities). The purpose of this study was to extend previous findings by surveying a large sample of rural Alabama adolescents regarding barriers to PA and surveying parents and school administrators in this regard as well. Also, this study evaluated the effect that age, race/ethnicity, gender, and SES have on barriers to PA. This study did indeed demonstrate several demographic differences concerning barriers to PA. Additionally, it demonstrated several differences between students, parents, and administrators regarding perceived barriers to PA. Finally, this study provided additional data concerning common barriers to PA reported in the literature. Gender and SES differences were found to be the two covariates that were barriers to exercise and PA in rural West Alabama adolescents.Item Beverage choice impact on hydration and performance for the recreational athlete(University of Alabama Libraries, 2010) O'Neal, Eric Kyle; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThree studies examined hydration and performance for recreational exercisers (REC). Three beverages (flavored caloric (CE) and non-caloric (NCE) electrolyte-containing sport drinks and water (W)) were served to male (n = 24) and female (n = 14) REC in a counter-balanced order during 1-h of moderate intensity cycling (mean ± SD heart rate = 146 ± 4 beats/min) in an environment of 25° C wet bulb globe temperature. The volume of beverage served was equal to sweat loss measured (mean ± SE = 834 ± 59 mL) in a familiarization trial with no fluid intake during exercise. No differences (p > .05) among beverages were found in: performance (peak and mean power) during a set of three Wingate Anaerobic Tests completed after cycling, perceived exertion, or mood states among beverages. After exercise in the familiarization trial with no fluid intake, participants drank ad libitum for 30 min with all beverages available. Consumption volume among beverages did not differ (p > .05). Participants reported that replacing 100% of sweat loss was an appropriate volume and did not result in stomach discomfort for the majority of individuals in fluid intake during exercise sessions. Total intake in the familiarization session when fluids were consumed in recovery only (mean ± SD, 971 ± 375 mL) was less (p < .001) than when consumed during both exercise and recovery (W (1,415 ± 560 mL,), NCE (1,244 ± 538 mL, p < .001), and CE (1,196 ± 444 mL), and W was greater than CE (p = .01)). The survey found decreased performance (69%) and heat-illness (45%) believed to be related to dehydration among runners was very common. Almost all (94%) of participants (n = 276) reported drinking during outdoor runs in warm weather. Faster higher volume runners believed that consuming sport beverages would result in improved performance and better hydration than water. For REC exercising for ~1 h, replacing sweat loss during exercise and drinking ad libitum afterwards, should result in a fluid intake level that will return body mass close to pre-exercise level, be tolerable, and result in no decrease in performance when W or CE are used instead of CE.