Theses and Dissertations - Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry

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Influence of some dissolved salts, chiefly nitrates, upon the precipitation of lead chloride in qualitative analysis
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1915) McWhorter, Zella A.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
In following the various procedure of Qualitative Analysis the purpose of the operator is to separate, as completely as possible, the substances present and to identify each in its proper order. Experience has shown the value of working with solutions, whenever the substance to be examined can be dissolved, either in whole or in part, by the ordinary solvents. If more than one compound is present in aqueous solution, however, it very frequently becomes impossible for the analyst to do more than determine the various ions. Since ions are best removed from solution by adding other ions with which they will form relatively difficulty soluble compounds, the analyst adds to the solution, in a definite order, those reagents containing the ions which he chooses, having arbitrarily added a certain kind of ion, under given conditions, the production of precipitate indicates that certain ions were in the solution. He then examines the precipitate to determine which of the possible ions are present.
Benzoic acid (C₆H₆COOH)
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1920) Hood, Edward P.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The acid juice of apples and various other fruits was employed for preparing different medicines before any attempt was made to isolate the acid itself. Free benzoic acid, however, obtained by subliming benzoin, was discovered and minutely discussed by the French physician, Blaise de Vigenial (1522-96) toward the end of the sixteenth century. Benzoic acid was discovered in gum benzoin in 1608 and prepared from urine by Sholle in 1785. Its composition was established by Liebig and Wohler's classical research in 1832. In 1832 Wohler discovered the relationship between benzoic acid and hippuric acid, and in 1832, Liebig and Wohler determined the true composition of benzoic acid and established its relation to the other benzoyl compounds.
The Electrolytic Oxidation of Potassium Arsenite
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1924) Adams, Marion Vaun; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Potassium arsenate is a comparatively unknown compound, that is, very little experimental work has been done with it, and since no important use has been found for it no attempt has been made to produce it in large quantities. The purpose of the present work was to see if a similar result could be obtained by using caustic potash in place of caustic soda and in addition to study the potassium arsenate produced.
The Direct Production of Aniline from Benzene
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1927) Slaughter, John Robert; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Aniline was accurately investigated by A. W. Hoffman in 1843. He was able to show that all of the above products are identical and for them he selected Fritsche's name, aniline. His work on the separation of aniline from coal tar started in 1843, and continued after his arrival in England in 1845, and it is remarkable to learn that practically all of them aniline used for his numerous researches was obtained by the laborious and costly process of distilling indigo with caustic potash. Having found aniline in coal tar he was persuaded that benzene could also be found in it. This belief was verified by Charles Mansfield who obtained both benzene and toluene from coal tar.
Non Fermentable Reducing Substances in Blood
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1927) Clements, Ralph Mayo; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Until recently investigators have considered that results of blood sugar determinations obtained by fermentation and those obtained by copper reduction have been in quantitative agreement, and both of these methods have been regarded as being reliable. However, Aldo C. Castellani (1926) indicated that there may be fallacies in the various fermentation methods. His results showed that ordinary baker's yeast would ferment galactose, maltose, saccharose, lactose and many other carbon compounds other than glucose. Also, he found that Monilia Balanica, a bacterium, is the only organism found which fermented glucose, and did not ferment any of the other carbohydrates. Since this organism is never found in pure culture in aker's yeast, the ordinary fermentation methods of blood sugar determination are not dependable.
The Preparation of Treated and Artificial Resins and Their Use in the Varnish Industry
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1929) Marsh, Alfred; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The purpose of this investigation is, therefore, a search for fossil resin substitutes. Natural resins, at present, are often treated to convert them to products that resemble the fossil resins to some extent. Artificial organic compounds often resemble resins and are used as substitutes for them. This paper is, therefore, entitled, "The Preparation of Treated and Artificial Resins and Their Use in Varnish Manufacture."PLEASE NOTE: This is the best copy available. This version of manuscript may contain fingerprints, palm prints, and other minor blemishes.
The Direct Production of Aniline
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1929) Dougherty, Daniel Vincent; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The coal tar industry holds a unique position in the industrial world. as it is entirely the outcome of scientific research. The first seed was planted in 182,5 when Faraday discovered benzene, which he obtained from the liquid products condensed on compressing the gas obtained from coal oil. A year later. 1626. Unverdorben obtained aniline by the mere distillation of indigo and called it "crystalline". Runge afterwards obtained it from coal tar oil, and having observed that it produced a violet blue coloration with chloride of lime, called it "kyanol." It was subsequently obtained from indigo by Fritsche by distilling this coloring matter with caustic alkali. Mitsch-erlich later obtained benzene from benzoic acid and from this produced nitrobenzene, this discovery paving the way for Zinin, who showed that benzidam (aniline) could be produced by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen in the presence of ammonia on an alcoholic solution of nitrobenzene.
Acetic Anhydride
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1929) Hanna, Carl; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Acetic anhydride is a colourless, volatile liquid having an odor like that of glacial acetic acid, but stronger. It is very corrosive and its vapors are extremely irritating to the eyes and lungs. Care should therefore be exercised in working with it, and any spilled upon the hands should be immediately washed off. It is a condensation of two molecules of acetic acid with elimination of water. The reaction, however, is reversible, and there is always present some acetic acid due to action of water.
Study of Toluene Sulfur Dye
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1930) Hodges, F. A.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The use of substances as dye materials began thousands of years ago. We have accounts of Ancients who used dyeing materials for developing colors pleasing to the eye almost as early as the art of leaving written records itself. The point to note in this long period of time in the use of dyeing materials is the fact that it was always obtained until recent years from natural sources. Chemists interested in the formation of substances learned very little about the structure of dye stuffs until recent years- a fact that must be known before the systematic development of specific new dyes by synthesis can proceed very far.
The Chemical Refining of Natural Graphite
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1930) Anderson, Ross Eugene; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
It is the purpose of this paper to present some of the more important aspects of the graphite industry, such as countries producing graphite, economic conditions, uses of graphite, and the nature of graphite deposits; and it is the special purpose of this paper to present the experimental efforts and results of the writer to chemically purify natural Alabama graphite, along the general lines of the Lloyd-Kennedy Process. *NOTE: This is the best available copy.*
The Direct Production of Synthetic Phenol
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1930) Brame, James Yancey; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The present day synthetic processes for the production of phenol may be attributed, at least, indirectly to fore-runners of our modern school of chemists. Faraday laid open a vast field for scientific research along the lines of aromatic hydrocarbons by his discovery of benzene in 1825. Nine years later, F. Runge; after much experimental work on this new material, found phenol. It was not obtained in its crystalline condition however until 1842 by Laurent.
The Thermal Decomposition of Mono and DI Ammonium Phosphate and Their Desirability as Fertilizers
(1930) Gordon, Samuel A.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Granting that the ammonium salts of phosphoric acid are desirable as fertilizers, and that their importance in the fertilizer industry is assured, I undertook this series of experiments in January, 1928 with the idea of obtaining information that would be of benefit to the manufacturer. The results obtained from the series of experiments on the thermal decomposition of both mono and di ammonium phosphate salts give to the manufacturer an accurate comparison of the action of the two salts under the same heating conditions, as well as their individual action. The data obtained from this research are given beginning with Chapter IV.
A Study of Sulfur Dyes
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1930) Padula, V. D.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The following chapters are devoted to research carried on by the author, in producing sulfur dyes by causing benzene in the vapor phase to react with sulfur heated to above 360 C, and also to sulfur analyses with the Parr Bomb of various dyes obtained by this process in an endeavor to lay the foundation upon which and through which the formulas of sulfur dyes may be determined in the future.
A Study of Deacon's Process and an Investigation of the Inherent Possibilities in the Oxidation of Hydrochloric Acid by Atmospheric Oxygen in the Presence of Certain Catalysts and Temperatures
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1931) Harwell, F. L.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
In the past many chemists have been attracted by the inherent possibilities in the oxidation of hydrochloric acid by atmospheric oxygen as a means of evolving chlorine cheaply. It was along this line of thought that such men as Oxland, Vogel, Thibierge, and Binks proceeded. It remained for Henry Deacon, however, to establish a process that could be classified as a technically satisfactory industry. He presented his process to the chemical industry in 1868.
Proof of Structure of Some Controversial Sulfonyl Chlorides
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1960) McKeown, George Baker; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
A comprehensive investigation of reaction mechanisms of sulfonyl compounds was initiated in this Laboratory in 1949. At that time an insight into these reaction mechanisms was sought by determining the steric requirements of several branched chain sulfonyl chlorides so that they could be compared with analogously branched primary alkyl halides in order to test the assumption that the sulfonyl group acts as a pseudo-methylene group. IN the course of the investigation the study has been broadened to include other types of sulfonyl compounds; namely, polyfunctional sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonic acid esters, and sultones.
Thermodynamic Properties of Strontium Bromide and Strontium Nitrate
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1961) Taylor, Arthur R. Jr.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
This dissertation concerns a branch of physical chemistry that began in the era when chemistry was first emerging as a recognized branch of natural philosophy. Antoine Lavoisier, "the father of chemistry," conducted some of the first calorimetric experiments over 170 years ago when he determined the heats of combustion of hydrogen, phosphorus, candle wax, and olive oil and the heat of reaction of potassium nitrate with charcoal. Although experiments concerning heats of combustion and reaction are more properly termed thermochemistry, the related field of chemical thermodynamics evolved simultaneously as the laws of thermodynamics were discovered and consolidated. Despite their age, these fields continue to interest investigators--a fact made evident by the numerous current research publications dealing with problems in thermochemistry and chemical thermodynamics.
Comparative Reactivities of Axial and Equatorial Carbinol Derivatives
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1961) Williams, George C.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
In an earlier work, rates of reaction of iodide ion with cyclopentylmethyl bromide and cyclohexylmethyl bromide in dry acetone were determined. These two compounds reacted at about the same rate, but there were differences in the entropies of activation and in the energies of activation. Cyclopentylmethyl bromide was found to have the lower entropy of activation. This lower value suggests that it is more difficult for the cyclopentylmethyl bromide molecule to assume the transition state. Since the favorable conformation for the bromomethyl group in cyclohexylmethyl bromide is the equatorial one, and since the bromomethyl group of cyclopentylmethyl bromide is similarly oriented, it was decided to study bromides in which the bromomethyl group is rigidly held in the axial or in the equatorial position. Then, by determining rates of reaction of iodide ion with these bromides, the effects of the different conformations would be apparent.
Reaction of 1-Ethoxyvinyl Acetate with Aliphatic Diazo Compounds
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1962) Franklin, James C.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The purpose of the experiments described in this thesis was to prepare certain cyclopropane derivatives by the reaction of 1-ethoxyvinyl acetate with various diazo compounds, and to investigate the behavior of the resulting products on hydrolysis. Background information relating to the mechanism of such reactions and previous work in this area is discussed. The preparation of 1-ethoxyvinyl ecetate is described, and evidence is presented for its subsequent conversion to ethyl 2-acetoxy-2ethoxycyclopropanecarboxylate by reaction with ethyl diazoacetate. The infrared spectra of the major products in this sythetic sequence are reproduced and discussed in detail. Other experiments concerned with the attempted reactions of 1-ethoxyvinyl acetate with diazomethane and diphenyldiazomethane, and the hydrolysis of ethyl 2-acetoxy-2-ethoxycyclopropanecarboxylate are described.
Mechanism Studies of the Retropinacol Reaction
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1962) Payne, Lamar Bishop; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The purpose of this study was to synthesize the p-toluene-sulfates and methanesulfates of cis- and trans-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclohexanediol and to determine their behavior toward solvolytic and substitution reactions in regard to correlating possible rearrangements with a proposed mechanism for the retropinacol or Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements.
Organoscandium Chemistry
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1973) Smith, Karl Dee; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
The element scandium has been known for over one hundred years, but its coordination chemistry has been little studied. The lack of attention has been due, in part, to the difficulty of obtaining a pure source of scandium, although both the metal and oxide are now commercially available in high purity.

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