Browsing by Author "Richardson, Mark T."
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Item Advancing sport education: the influence of negotiations prior to se, within se, and students’ autobiographical memories of multiple seasons(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Wahl-Alexander, Zachary; Curtner-Smith, Matthew; Sinelnikov, Oleg A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAll teaching includes a series of negotiations between teachers and student. Within traditional direct instruction, most negotiations are initiated by students. Such student-initiated negotiations tend to be negative in nature and aimed at changing or altering instructional tasks so that they are less demanding, reduce the performance standards for task completion, and modify the context in which the tasks are to be carried out. Furthermore, the pattern of student-initiated negotiations appears to vary within different curriculum models. Within Sport Education, a pedagogical model designed around “play education,” aimed at teaching sport, games, and physical education, there tend to be few negotiations based upon the indirect style of the model. This dissertation examined the influence of a training program on the ability of Pre-Service Teachers (PTs) to negotiate, the impact of one purposefully negotiated season of Sport Education on a teacher and his 18 students, and middle school students’ recollections of their participation in a significant number of Sport Education seasons over a period of 5 years. Data were collected by employing a wide variety of qualitative techniques including informal and formal interviews, focus group interviews, stimulated recall interviews, document analysis, reflective journaling, writing samples, and participant and non-participant observations. Data were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. The major key findings were as follows: (a) the training program was effective in that it enhanced PTs’ ability to negotiate with their students, (b) a purposefully negotiated SE season was largely successful and the indications were that SE provided an excellent framework on which to build such a unit, (c) adherence to the central features of Sport Education and meaningful participation in several iterations of quality Sport Education seasons may be required for students to move closer to achieving the lofty goals of the model for students to become competent, literate and enthusiastic sportspeople. All findings indicate the numerous benefits of the Sport Education model.Item Anxiety and affective responses to acute bouts of moderate intensity exercise (walking): effects of varying durations(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Geary, Colleen Louise; Richardson, Mark T.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaAnxiety affects approximately 40 million American adults each year (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, and Walters, 2005; National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2009). However, the dose-response research investigating the antianxiety and affective benefits of acute bouts of exercise indicates that multiple dose-response issues remain unresolved. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anxiolytic and affective responses following an acute bout of moderate intensity walking of different durations (30, 10 and 5 minutes) on a moderately fit, non-clinically anxious population. This study also sought to test the duration of effect by assessing post-exercise responses immediately and at 20 and 40 minutes post-exercise. This is the first study to include the analysis of four specific covariates (trait anxiety, fitness level, enjoyment of activity, and sex) when examining psychological responses to walking. One of the main findings of the current investigation was that a main effect of time was observed for the majority of variables. While some measures showed favorable (anxiety, tense arousal, calmness, tension, tranquility, physical exhaustion, affective valence, and revitalization) other measures ultimately showed unfavorable (positive affect, perceived activation, energetic arousal, energy, and positive engagement) responses following the cessation of exercise. Secondly, although several measures were affected by exercise duration (tranquility, physical exhaustion, and affective valence), the majority were not. Finally, of the four covariates, only fitness (positive affect, energetic arousal, and energy) and sex (positive affect, revitalization, energy, and calmness) influenced the exercise-affect relationship.Item Association among aerobic performance, resting heart rate and heart rate variability in physically active college-aged adults(University of Alabama Libraries, 2018) Martin, Darrell; Esco, Michael R.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smartphone-derived heart rate measures (resting heart rate [RHR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) and performance on an aerobic performance test. Seventeen male college students performed 55-second HR measures in the seated position every morning for 5 days. The root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (RMSSD) was used as the HRV metric. The weekly mean and coefficient of variation of RHR (RHRM and RHRCV, respectively) and RMSSD (RMSSDM and RMSSDCV, respectively) were determined. Participants completed the 2 mile run (2MR) on the last day of the week. Intra-class correlations (ICC) were used to determine the stability in the heart rate measures across the 5-day period. Pearson correlations were performed to determine the relationship between 2MR and RHRCV, HRM, RMSSDM and RMSSDCV. RHR (ICC = 0.87 [0.74 to 0.95], p < 0.05) displayed better stability over the 5-day period relative to the RMSSD (ICC = 0.66 [0.32 to 0.86], p < 0.05). RHRM was very strongly correlated with 2MR (r = 0.63), as was RMSSDCV (r = 0.55). Conversely, neither RHRCV nor RMSSDM correlated significantly to the 2MR. Therefore, both RHRM and RMSSDCV may be useful objective heart rate indicators to reflect aerobic performance.Item Automatic Evaluation of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior(University of Alabama Libraries, 2022) Zagdsuren, Battogtokh; Richardson, Mark T.; MacDonald, Hayley V.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaDual-process theories assume that there are two information processing systems that regulate human behavior: A reflective and an automatic system. Most physical activity (PA) intervention is grounded mainly on the reflective system that relies on individuals' intentions and regulatory goals or beliefs. Yet, such interventions are not leading to significant and sustained changes in PA. There is a growing body of research now focusing on the automatic regulatory system that occurs outside of intent. Automatic regulatory processes, however, are conceptualized far less in PA behavior. The broad aim of this dissertation is to expand our current understanding of automatic regulatory processes while accounting for dynamic aspects of PA, reflective processes, and individual differences. This dissertation consisted of three separate studies. The first study examined the automatic and reflective processes in relation to four different components of the PA domain: exercise, light and moderate to vigorous intensity non-leisure time PA (L-NLTPA and MV-NLTPA), and sedentary behavior (SED). AE of exercise was significantly correlated with moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA; min/d) and total PA (total activity counts [tac]/d), particularly in individuals with high PA intention and high self-efficacy. Executive function and personality indices (behavioral avoidance (or inhibition)/approach system [BIS/BAS] scale) significantly moderated the relationship between AE and PA behaviors. The second study aimed to investigate the stability of AE measures. Participants performed a computerized Single- Category Implicit Association Task (SC-IAT) twice, separated by 7-10 days. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SC-IAT for the four PA domains (Exercise, L-NLTPA, MV-NLTPA, and SED) were evaluated. SC-IAT for the exercise domain showed acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. In study 3, we investigated automatic approach-avoidance tendencies in common scenarios where individuals are faced with decisions to approach or avoid energy conserving or energy expending activities. Our results indicate that individuals responded faster to energy conserving cues than energy expending cues. In summary, we found that AE and reflective processes synergistically predict PA in active, young adults. Individuals are also more sensitive to energy conserving than energy expending stimuli.Item Barriers to exercise/physical activity for adolescents in rural west Alabama(University of Alabama Libraries, 2016) Cox, Melissa; Richardson, Mark T.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaRegular physical activity (PA) in childhood and adolescence improves strength and endurance, helps build healthy bones and muscles, helps control weight, reduces anxiety and stress, increases self-esteem, and may improve blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) shows PA trends among adolescents (defined as 13 – 18 yrs.) decrease such that the majority of adolescents are not participating in sufficient activity to meet recommended guidelines. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors that are present in adolescence have a tendency to track into adulthood. Youth who are overweight tend to have a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors than their normal weight peers. Rural adolescents may not be engaging in PA as often as their urban counterparts due to barriers of their rural lifestyle. Many rural communities are characterized by vast distances, low socioeconomic status, transportation challenges, and low public funding levels for facilities, programs, and other public amenities. Rural residency, especially in the southern U.S. has been associated with low levels of PA. The rural population is very unique in that they have specific barriers to PA. These may be social, financial, transportation, personal (i.e. lack of time, resources, caregiver responsibilities) or environmental factors (i.e., transportation, inadequate programs, lack of facilities). The purpose of this study was to extend previous findings by surveying a large sample of rural Alabama adolescents regarding barriers to PA and surveying parents and school administrators in this regard as well. Also, this study evaluated the effect that age, race/ethnicity, gender, and SES have on barriers to PA. This study did indeed demonstrate several demographic differences concerning barriers to PA. Additionally, it demonstrated several differences between students, parents, and administrators regarding perceived barriers to PA. Finally, this study provided additional data concerning common barriers to PA reported in the literature. Gender and SES differences were found to be the two covariates that were barriers to exercise and PA in rural West Alabama adolescents.Item Beverage choice impact on hydration and performance for the recreational athlete(University of Alabama Libraries, 2010) O'Neal, Eric Kyle; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThree studies examined hydration and performance for recreational exercisers (REC). Three beverages (flavored caloric (CE) and non-caloric (NCE) electrolyte-containing sport drinks and water (W)) were served to male (n = 24) and female (n = 14) REC in a counter-balanced order during 1-h of moderate intensity cycling (mean ± SD heart rate = 146 ± 4 beats/min) in an environment of 25° C wet bulb globe temperature. The volume of beverage served was equal to sweat loss measured (mean ± SE = 834 ± 59 mL) in a familiarization trial with no fluid intake during exercise. No differences (p > .05) among beverages were found in: performance (peak and mean power) during a set of three Wingate Anaerobic Tests completed after cycling, perceived exertion, or mood states among beverages. After exercise in the familiarization trial with no fluid intake, participants drank ad libitum for 30 min with all beverages available. Consumption volume among beverages did not differ (p > .05). Participants reported that replacing 100% of sweat loss was an appropriate volume and did not result in stomach discomfort for the majority of individuals in fluid intake during exercise sessions. Total intake in the familiarization session when fluids were consumed in recovery only (mean ± SD, 971 ± 375 mL) was less (p < .001) than when consumed during both exercise and recovery (W (1,415 ± 560 mL,), NCE (1,244 ± 538 mL, p < .001), and CE (1,196 ± 444 mL), and W was greater than CE (p = .01)). The survey found decreased performance (69%) and heat-illness (45%) believed to be related to dehydration among runners was very common. Almost all (94%) of participants (n = 276) reported drinking during outdoor runs in warm weather. Faster higher volume runners believed that consuming sport beverages would result in improved performance and better hydration than water. For REC exercising for ~1 h, replacing sweat loss during exercise and drinking ad libitum afterwards, should result in a fluid intake level that will return body mass close to pre-exercise level, be tolerable, and result in no decrease in performance when W or CE are used instead of CE.Item Body composition assessment in adults with down syndrome(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017-12) Russell, Angela R.; Esco, Michael R.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a high prevalence of obesity and low bone mineral density (BMD), but body composition assessment needs additional study in DS. Three studies examined the agreement between body fat percentage (BF%) from air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BF% from a four-compartment (4C) model and skinfolds (SF) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and bone mineral content (BMC) from DXA and BIA. Sixty-six adults participated (33 DS, 33 control). In the first study, DXA provided higher BF% than ADP in both DS (t = 5.252, df = 32, p < .000) and controls (t = 7.714, df = 32, p < .000). In the second study, BF% from four BIA equations was not significantly different from 4CBF% in DS (p > .01), but these had a standard error of estimate (SEE) from 4.8 to 6.0 and wide limits of agreement (± 9.5% to ± 11.6%). Two BIA equations were not significantly different than 4CBF% in controls (p < .01), but these had SEE’s of 7.2 and 7.8 and wide limits of agreement (± 24.6% and ± 22.9%). Two SF equations were not significantly different from 4CBF% in DS (p < .007). Two of the SF equations were significantly different from 4CBF% in controls (p < .008). In the third study, BMC from DXA was significantly lower than BIA in DS (t = -5.237, df = 20, p < .000). DXA was significantly higher in controls (t = 3.110, df = 20, p = .006). There was no significant difference in DS males (t = -1.116, df = 7, p = .301) or control females (t = -7.978, df = 12, p = .000). DXA was significantly higher in control males (t = 5.641, df = 7, p = .001) and significantly lower in females with DS (t = -7.978, df = 12, p = .000). In conclusion, many methods of BF% assessment may be acceptable for adults with DS, but only appropriate equations should be selected. BIA should not currently be used to assess BMC in DS.Item Cardiovascular and themoregulatory responses to ice slurry ingestion during heat stress(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Ng, Jason; Wingo, Jonathan E.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaFluid ingestion has been reported to influence cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function, thereby affecting exercise performance. It remains unclear whether ice slurry ingestion during exercise results in similar effects. Three experiments examined thermal-, cardiovascular-, and exercise-related responses to ice slurry ingestion. In the first study, participants in firefighter protective clothing walked at ~7 METs in 35 °C while ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages as a tepid fluid, cold fluid, and ice slurry in a counterbalanced repeated measures study design. When ingested in large quantities and during uncompensable heat stress, ice slurry ingestion mitigated physiological strain by attenuating the rise in heart rate and rectal temperature. In a second study, cardiovascular drift (CV drift) was measured during 45 min of cycling at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) in 35 °C, immediately followed by measurement of V̇O2max. Participants ingested fluid and ice slurry during two counterbalanced trials of exercise. CV drift was attenuated with ice slurry ingestion but V̇O2max was unaffected. In a third study, participants ingested ice slurry or cold fluid ad libitum while cycling at 50% maximal workload in 35 °C, immediately followed by a 15-min time trial during which participants completed as much work as possible. Compared to the fluid treatment, participants consumed half as much ice slurry, but total work completed during the time trial was not different. In conclusion, ice slurry ingestion blunts physiological strain during conditions in which evaporative heat loss is impaired, such as when wearing occlusive coverings. Furthermore, ice slurry ingestion attenuates the magnitude of CV drift during exercise in the heat, but this does not blunt the decrease in V̇O2max associated with exercise in hot conditions. Lastly, a smaller quantity of ice slurry is voluntarily ingested compared to cold fluid during prolonged submaximal exercise in the heat, but this does not differentially affect exercise performance.Item Cardiovascular drift and maximal oxygen uptake during heat stress in women(University of Alabama Libraries, 2019) Stone, Tori; Wingo, Jonathan E.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaDuring prolonged constant-rate exercise, heart rate and stroke volume progressively increase and decrease, respectively, characterizing cardiovascular (CV) drift. CV drift is greater when driven by hyperthermia and generally results in proportional decreases in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Less is known about CV drift and decrements in V̇O2max in women because nearly all studies on this topic focused on men. This dissertation determined the effects of hormonal status, fitness level, and sudomotor function on CV drift and V̇O2max in women. In 3 separate studies, CV drift was measured during 45 min of cycling in 35 °C, immediately followed by measurement of V̇O2max. V̇O2max also was measured after 15 min in a separate trial to assess changes in V̇O2max over the same time interval that CV drift occurred. Study 1 compared follicular (FP) and luteal phases (LP) of the menstrual cycle during exercise at 60% V̇O2max. Resting and exercise core temperatures (Tre) were higher in LP, but increases during exercise (ΔTre) were similar to FP, so the CV drift/V̇O2max relationship was not modulated by phase. Study 2 compared high-fit (HI) and low-fit (LO) women during exercise at 60% V̇O2max (REL) and 500 W of metabolic heat production (FIXED). During REL, heat production and ΔTre were significantly greater in HI versus LO, as were magnitudes of CV drift and decrements in V̇O2max. During FIXED, heat production, ΔTre, CV drift, and V̇O2max were similar between groups. Study 3 compared women to men during exercise at 500 W of metabolic heat production. For women, sweating plateaued and accelerated ΔTre compared to men, but differences in CV drift and V̇O2max were not statistically discernible between sexes. In conclusion, the relationship between CV drift and V̇O2max during heat stress does not change across the menstrual cycle and is not affected by fitness level, independent of metabolic heat production. The relationship is similar between men and women during 45 min of exercise at the same, relatively high load.Item Cheating death in prehistory: pathology, trauma, disability, and care during the archaic period in North Alabama(University of Alabama Libraries, 2017) Simpson, Diana; Jacobi, Keith P.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaBioarchaeological studies exploring provision of care for the disabled in prehistoric societies often have received criticism on the basis of lack of evidence or inadequate rigorous inquiry. The recently introduced bioarchaeology of care model alleviates these criticisms by providing a standardized methodology for the identification of care in the archaeological record. This study applies this new model for care research to a prehistoric Archaic Period population from the Mulberry Creek site (1Ct27) in North Alabama, exploring possible trends in care. This region has long been known to demonstrate evidence of violence in the past, but has never been examined in relation to what could be viewed as the opposite of violence: caregiving behaviors. It is argued that the use of a combination of skeletal, artefactual, mortuary, and ethnohistorical analysis can reveal important trends in disability and provision of care in prehistory. The results of this study show that care was occurring at the site during the Late Archaic Period, and suggest that the decision to provide care was likely linked to complex social and biological factors of individual and group identity. This information provides valuable insight into the treatment of disabled individuals in the past, and adds to our understanding of the peoples of prehistoric Alabama and the wider Southeastern United States.Item Clothing fabric effects on physiological and comfort responses(University of Alabama Libraries, 2011) Balilionis, Gytis; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaDuring exercise and in hot environments, the main cooling mechanism is through sweat evaporation. However, clothing can disrupt evaporation, which leads to decreased performance and in some cases can lead to heat illness. New fabrics and designs have been introduced with the purpose of improving thermoregulatory properties. One of those innovations is a channeled synthetic fabric. The first of three studies evaluated the effects of a channeled synthetic and synthetic t-shirts under a ballistic vest on physiological and comfort responses during exercise in a hot environment. Eight participants, in counterbalanced order, completed two simulated "industrial" protocols for three hours. The overall (0 - 180 min) change in rectal temperature was significantly (p = 0.04) lower with channeled synthetic shirt compared to a synthetic shirt. Additionally, overall change in thermal comfort (p = 0.05), sweating sensation (p = 0.06), and heart rate (p = 0.07) were, or tended to be more favorable throughout exercise with channeled synthetic compared to synthetic shirt. We also examined the effects of channeled synthetic shirt and synthetic cycling shirt effects on thermoregulation, thermal comfort, and heart rate. Eight participants attempted a 30-km cycling time trial. Results indicated significantly (p = 0.04, n = 8) smaller increase in rectal temperature from baseline to 15th km (first dropout) with the channeled synthetic shirt compared to cycling shirt. Also, the change in thermal comfort was significantly (n = 5, p = 0.03) lower with channeled shirt compared to cycling shirt from baseline to 30th km. A third study examined channeled compression shorts, compression shorts, and cycling shorts effects on thermoregulation, heart rate, and thermal comfort response during 30-km cycling trial in hot a environment. Eight participants completed a 25-km cycling trial. Results revealed no significant main effect for rectal or skin temperatures, heart rate, and thermal comfort between the three different types of shorts (n = 8, p > 0.05). In conclusion, wearing a channeled synthetic shirt provided better thermoregulatory or thermal comfort responses compared to synthetic shirt in two studies. Channeled compression shorts did not improve thermoregulatory or thermal comfort responses compared to cycling and compression shorts.Item College wheelchair athletes' reflections on their physical education experiences(University of Alabama Libraries, 2010) Hargreaves, Jean Ann; Hardin, L. Brent; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThis study examined the reflections of 10 college wheelchair athletes with physical disabilities on their prior physical education experiences in elementary, middle, and high school. Using qualitative techniques, each participant was interviewed individually twice and then two separate focus group interviews were held. Each participant brought an artifact with them to their assigned focus group interview that represented their prior physical education experiences. Both the individual and focus group interviews were designed to establish how these college wheelchair athletes with physical disabilities reflect back on their prior physical education experiences. Using analytic induction, the data analysis revealed five themes: (a) the participants felt they were included in physical education, but not really equally and meaningfully; (b) physical fitness testing was the most remembered physical education experience; (c) the participants' sporting experiences were recognized by the school; (d) overall, the participants' physical education experiences were enjoyable; and (e) the participants have suggestions for physical educators on including individuals with disabilities in physical education. Also, within four of these overall themes, several sub-themes emerged. Although this study was limited to the reflections of these 10 college wheelchair athletes with physical disabilities on their prior physical education experiences, the themes found in this study provide a basis for future studies on how individuals with physical disabilities experience physical education.Item Design of a powered above knee prosthesis using pneumatic artificial muscles(University of Alabama Libraries, 2010) Waycaster, Garrett Clinton; Shen, Xiangrong; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThis paper describes the mechanical design for both a one and two degree of freedom above-knee (AK) prosthesis actuated by pneumatic artificial muscles. Powered prosthetics aim to improve the quality of life of the 50% of AK amputees who never regain the ability to walk. Pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) provides great potential in prosthetics, since this type of actuator features a high power density and similar characteristics to human muscles. Currently, commercially available AK prosthetics are largely passive devices, and no research has been conducted on PAM actuators in AK prosthetics. In this thesis, the design requirements of an above knee prosthesis using PAM are discussed and a prototype one degree of freedom prosthesis with a PAM actuated knee joint is constructed. This prototype is then tested, and based on the results a new actuator is developed. This new actuator uses a flexible tendon and an elliptical pulley to improve torque, adding more functionality and increasing the maximum mass of a user by 25 kilograms. This actuator is also tested and compared to the initial prototype design. Finally, this new actuator is incorporated into the design of a two degree of freedom prosthesis with an actuated ankle as well as the knee joint.Item The Dose-Response Effect of Short-Term Exercise on Cognitive Function(University of Alabama Libraries, 2022) Zheng, Peixuan; Aguiar, Elroy J.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPhysical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized as an effective approach for improving cognitive function. However, it is unclear how short-term PA or physical inactivity might influence cognition, and whether this effect is associated with other health outcomes such as vascular function. A series of three studies were conducted to address this knowledge gap. The first study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed 90 effects from 16 randomized controlled trials to examine the effect of acute exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults aged 60 years or above. The results revealed that acute exercise elicited a small but significant improvement in cognitive function compared to the non-exercise control condition (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.17, p = 0.003), and greater improvements were found in time- than accuracy-related cognitive outcomes (SMD = 0.24 versus 0.11, p < 0.05). The second study investigated the effects of a single bout of moderate-intensity walking on cognitive and vascular function in physically inactive older adults aged 60 years or above. Compared to the control (sitting) condition, acute exercise (30-min walking at 100 steps/min) significantly improved performance in executive function, whereas reduced carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (p-values < 0.05). Changes in processing speed and aortic augmentation index were similar between conditions (p > 0.05), whereas central mean arterial blood pressure was increased after sitting (p < 0.05) but remained unaltered after acute exercise (p > 0.05). The third study focused on the impact of short-term physical inactivity (i.e., walking below 5000 steps/day for one week) on cognitive performance and vascular function among physically active individuals aged 50 years or above. Results from the Bayesian analysis demonstrated minimal changes in all variables before versus after step reduction, indicating that one week of reduction in PA did not yield detrimental effects on cognitive performance and vascular function. Collectively, this body of work supports a small but positive effect of acute exercise on cognition among generally healthy older adults without cognitive impairment. In addition, significant associations were found between changes in cognitive performance with arterial stiffness and central blood pressure in response to acute exercise or short-term PA reduction.Item Effect of different warm-ups and upper-body vibration on performance in Masters Swimmers(University of Alabama Libraries, 2009) Nepocatych, Svetlana; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of no, short, or regular warm-up and Upper-Body Vibration (UBV) only or UBV+ short warm-up on swimming performance in Masters Swimmers. Six females and four males, aged 24-50, healthy master swimmers volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed all assigned warm-ups (no, short, regular, UBV-only, or UBV + short) in counterbalanced order, rested for three minutes and completed a 50-yard (45.7 m) freestyle maximal performance time trial. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR) were measured post warm-up and post 50-yd time trial. No significant difference (p = 0.987) was found among no, short or regular warm-up regarding 50-yd freestyle time (29.0 ± 3.7, 29.0 ± 3.6, and 29.1 ± 3.4 s, respectively). No significant difference (p = 0.563) was found among regular, UBV-only or UBV + short warm-ups regarding 50-yd freestyle time (29.1 ± 3.6, 28.9 ± 3.4, and 29.1 ± 3.6 s, respectively). RPE after no warm up (6 ± 0) was significantly lower compared to after short (13 ± 2, p < 0.001) or regular warm-up (12 ± 2, p < 0.001). RPE after regular warm-up was higher (12 ± 2) compared to UBV-only warm-up (9 ± 2), approaching statistical significance (p = 0.059). RPE post 50-yd for no, short or regular warm-up and after regular, UBV-only or UBV + short were not significantly different (p =0.76, p = 0.216). HR after no, short or regular warm-up before 50-yards was not significantly different (p = 0.062); however, a significantly higher (p = 0.023) HR was observed after regular warm-up (88 ± 15 b/min) compared to UBV + short (75 ± 9 b/min). HR post 50-yd after regular warm-up (148 ± 15 b/min) was significantly higher compared to no (136 ±20 b/min) p = 0.001, UBV-only (139 ± 12 b/min) p = 0.005 and UBV + short ( 138 ± 14 b/min) p = 0.013, but not short (142 ± 17 b/min) warm-up (p = 0.077). In conclusion, Master Swimmers may perform the same or better with no or short and UBV-only or UBV + short, compared to regular warm-up.Item Effect of intermittent cooling on baseball pitching and catching(University of Alabama Libraries, 2012) Bishop, Stacy Howard; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaCryotherapy has been shown to be an effective method for reducing edema and inflammation, decreasing pain in acute injury, and is being studied as an aid in recovery. The traditional recovery treatment between innings for pitchers and catchers is to rest in the dugout. In this study, pitchers (n = 8) threw two simulated games separated by 5-7 days for recovery. Participants were given 4 min of intermittent arm and shoulder cooling treatment (AC) or no cooling (NC) in between each of 5-simulated innings. Pitchers that received NC had a significant decrease in velocity over the 5 innings (4%); by contrast, pitchers that received AC maintained pitching velocity (p = 0.04) (all-innings mean velocity 31.2 ± 2.1 m*s−1 versus 30.6 ± 2.2 m*s−1). Average pitch speed in the 4th inning and 5th inning was significantly faster for AC (31.3 ± 2 m*s−1 and 31.3 ± 2 m*s−1) compared to NC (30 ± 2 m*s−1 and 30.4 ± 2 m*s−1, p= 0.04), respectively. Additionally, AC resulted in significantly lower perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.01) and improved perceived recovery (PRS) (p = 0.01) compared to NC in a temperate environment. In catchers (n = 6), torso cooling (TC) resulted in a significantly lower RPE (p = 0.01) and improved PRS (p = 0.01) compared to NC. Significantly lower mean recovery HR was seen during the TC treatment compared to NC in the 5th (84 ± 8 vs. 90 ± 9 bpm, p = 0.04), 7th (84 ± 3 vs. 92 ±7 bpm, p = 0.02), and 9th (85 ± 7 vs. 93 ± 5 bpm, p = 0.01) innings. Increase in rectal temperature was smaller in TC compared to NC (0.58 ± 0.20 ºC vs. 0.98 ± 0.20 ºC, p = 0.01). Working HR was significantly lower at the end of the TC when compared to NC (108 ± 16 vs. 120 ± 19 bpm, p = 0.02). Cryotherapy improved recovery during baseball pitching and catching, attenuated a decrease in pitching velocity as well as attenuated core temperature increases in catchers.Item Effect of whole-body vibration on acute recovery after fatiguing exercise(University of Alabama Libraries, 2011) Nepocatych, Svetlana; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaHigh-intensity intermittent or resistance activity for a short period of time causes an increased break down of energy stores and accumulation of metabolic by-products. Increased metabolic disturbances may lead to decreased muscle contractile function which eventually will lead to muscle fatigue. Sufficient recovery time is needed for optimal competitive performance and optimizing the ability to tolerate high-intensity, various lengths and duration training loads. There are a number of recovery modalities available that have been used between training sessions, pre- and post- training, and between competitions. In order to evaluate vibration as a recovery aid that contributes to improved performance, three studies were conducted. The first study evaluated the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) and WBV plus cooling on lower-body peak and mean anaerobic performance, leg volume, perceived recovery, and muscle soreness. The second study evaluated the effects of WBV and upper-body vibration (UBV) on upper-body performance, perceived recovery and muscle soreness, and the third study evaluated the effect of WBV on sprint performance, leg volume and perceived recovery. Healthy and physically active male and female volunteers participated in the studies. In a repeated measures, counterbalanced design, participants completed fatiguing exercise, each recovery treatment and performance test. As indicated by the group mean data, results of the first study suggested possible psychological but not performance enhancing benefits after the use of WBV and WBVC as a recovery method. The findings of the second study suggest no psychological or physiological benefits using WBV and UBV as a recovery modality. The results of the third study suggest no benefits for WBV in enhancing recovery or sprint performance. However, while actual recovery was not enhanced, perceived recovery was better after WBV compared to no vibration. Even though actual recovery or performance was not enhanced by the addition of WBV to the recovery, psychological perception of better recovery may be of some benefit for training or competition. It appears that acute exposure to WBV does not enhance performance under the conditions of this study.Item Effects of bunker gear temperature and different work rates on micro-E and heat stress(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Hornsby, Jared Heath; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaWearing protective clothing (PC) such as firefighter bunker gear leads to increased heat strain. Bunker gear has multiple layers which creates a heat sink during the first several minutes after donning, potentially providing some amount of cooling of the micro-environment (micro-E) around the skin. Furthermore, predicting heat strain at various work rates while wearing PC is important for determining work tolerance limits. The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of a COLD (< 0 °C) bunker gear on rectal temperature (T_re ) and micro-E at a steady-state exercise intensity and to begin creating a regression model to predict micro-E temperature and relative humidity under bunker gear based on work rate. Studies I and II utilized a repeated-measures randomized experimental design, which consists of 4 trials (LO, MOD, HI (HOT), and HI (COLD)). Human volunteers wore bunker gear for 30 min while oxygen uptake (V̇O_2), heart rate, perceptive measures (ratings of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, sweating sensation, and clothing comfort), T_re, skin temperature, and micro-E (temperature and relative humidity at the anterior and posterior portion of the jacket and pants) were measured. A repeated measures MANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc analysis was used to evaluate: the physiological measures; while the Friedman's Test was performed with a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on all perceptual measures. The COLD bunker gear did not significantly alleviate heat strain when compared to HOT bunker gear. Additionally we low, moderate and high intensities of work in ~ 29 °C macro-E WBGT did not differentially affect micro-E WBGT under bunker gear, and these data were used to derive models of micro-E from macro-E. Further data is needed to cross-validate the derived micro-E WBGT model predicted from macro-E WBGT and work rate.Item Effects of different types of warm-up on swimming performance in collegiate swimmers(University of Alabama Libraries, 2009) Balilionis, Gytis; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three different types of warm-up on swimming performance in NCAA Division I swimmers. Eight male and eight female swimmers utilized three warm-up protocols prior to performing 50-yard (45.72-meter) freestyle swim trials each trial in counterbalanced order and separated by 48 hours. The warm-up protocols consisted of: (1) no warm-up, (2) short warm-up (50-yards at 40% maximal effort and 50-yards at 90%), (3) regular warm-up (swimmers own pre-competition warm-up). Following the warm-up regimen, participants rested for three minutes and completed a 50-yard freestyle swim trial. Heart rate pre- and post- trial, diving distance, reaction time, post warm-up RPE, post 50-yard trial RPE, and stroke count were measured. Times for 50-yard swim were significantly (p = 0.03) different among warm-ups. Mean 50-yard time was significantly (p = 0.01) faster after regular warm-up (24.95 ± 1.53 sec) compared to short warm-up (25.26 ± 1.61 sec) and approached significance between no- and regular- warm-ups (p = 0.06); however, no significant difference was found between no- (25.19 ±1.54 sec) and short warm-ups (p = 0.59) on 50-yard time. Individual data indicated that 19% of participants performed their best 50-yard time after short warm-up, 37% after no-, and 44% after regular warm-up. Heart rate was significantly (p = 0.01) higher after regular warm-up (100 ± 13 b/min) compared to no warm-up (88 ± 18 b/min) and approached significance between short- and regular warm-ups (p = 0.07); however, no significant difference was observed between no- and short warm-ups (92 ± 19 b/min) (p = 0.32). RPE was significantly (p <0.001) lower after no warm-up (6.3 ± 0.5) compared to short warm-up (10.1 ± 1.7) and regular warm-up (12.1 ± 1.0). No significant difference was found in reaction time (p = 0.96), RPE post 50-yard time trial (p = 0.11), dive distance (p = 0.67), and stroke count (p = 0.23) among warm-ups. In conclusion, regular warm-up was better than short warm-ups to achieve the fastest mean 50-yard freestyle time but individuals differed in their response to different warm-ups.Item The effects of interval walking on caloric expenditure(University of Alabama Libraries, 2015) Mitchell, Jermaine B.; Bishop, Phillip A.; University of Alabama TuscaloosaPurpose: As obesity rates continue to rise in physically inactive individuals, modified training methods should be explored to address exercise adherence. The purposes of the proposed studies were to evaluate the effectiveness of interval walking, intermittent interval walking, and self-paced intermittent interval walking on oxygen uptake (⩒O_2) and excess post- exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Methods: In Study I and Study II participants completed a 30-min continuous walking protocol at a low-moderate intensity. Each protocol in these studies incorporated the same volume [90 metabolic equivalent-minutes (MET-min)] of exercise. Study I consisted of two interval walking protocols of cycled high-moderate and low-moderate intensities of 30-s work bouts and active recovery bouts of 60 and 120 s and total durations of 24-min-24-s (protocol 1) and 26-min-20-s (protocol 2). Study II consisted of three 10-min intermittent walking bouts of low-moderate intensities, three 8-min-40-s interval walking bouts of 30-s work bouts and active recovery bouts of 120 s, and three 8-min interval walking protocols of 30-s work bouts and active recovery bouts of 60 s. Study III assessed oxygen uptake before, during, and after continuous, intermittent, and intermittent interval walking of a self-regulated moderate RPE range (RPE 12-13), each totaling 30 min. Intermittent walking consisted of three 10-min bouts of walking and intermittent interval walking consisted of cycled 30-s high-moderate:120-s low-moderate intensity walking. Results: Study I: ⩒O_2 during interval walking was higher (p < 0.05) than during continuous walking; however, EPOC differed only between continuous walking and interval walking protocol 1 (p < 0.05). Study II: Compared to continuous walking, intermittent walking and both intermittent interval walking protocols elicited higher (p < 0.05) cumulative ⩒O_2 during exercise, and cumulative total 20-min EPOC values were higher as well (p < 0.05). Study III: Compared to continuous walking, both self-paced intermittent and intermittent interval walking protocols elicited higher cumulative ⩒O_2 during exercise periods and higher cumulative total 20-min EPOC values (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that moderate-intensity interval and intermittent interval walking protocols elicited higher exercise ⩒O_2 and EPOC compared with continuous walking of the same volume (90 MET-min) or duration (30 min).
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