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Browsing by Author "Raine, Adrian"

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Alpha-amylase reactivity in relation to psychopathic traits in adults
(Pergamon, 2015) Glenn, Andrea L.; Remmel, Rheanna J.; Raine, Adrian; Schug, Robert A.; Gao, Yu; Granger, Douglas A.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of Pennsylvania; California State University System; California State University Long Beach; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Brooklyn College (CUNY); Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Recent investigations of the psychobiology of stress in antisocial youth have benefited from a multi-system measurement model. The inclusion of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a surrogate marker of autonomic/sympathetic nervous system (ANS) activity, in addition to salivary cortisol, a biomarker of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, has helped define a more complete picture of individual differences and potential dysfunction in the stress response system of these individuals. To the authors' knowledge, no studies have examined sAA in relation to antisocial behavior in adults or in relation to psychopathic traits specifically. In the present study, we examined sAA, in addition to salivary cortisol, in a relatively large sample (n=158) of adult males (M age=36.81, range = 22-67 years; 44% African American, 34% Caucasian, 16% Hispanic) recruited from temporary employment agencies with varying levels of psychopathic traits. Males scoring highest in psychopathy were found to have attenuated sAA reactivity to social stress compared to those scoring tower in psychopathy. No differential relationships with the different factors of psychopathy were observed. In contrast to studies of antisocial youth, there were no interactions between sAA and cortisol levels in relation to psychopathy, but there was a significant interaction between pre-stressor levels of sAA and cortisol. Findings reveal potential regulatory deficits in the fast-acting, 'fight or flight', component of the stress response in adult males with psychopathic traits, as well as abnormalities in how this system may interact with the HPA axis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Associations between psychopathic traits and brain activity during instructed false responding
(Elsevier, 2017) Glenn, Andrea L.; Han, Hyemin; Yang, Yaling; Raine, Adrian; Schug, Robert A.; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; University of Pennsylvania; California State University System; California State University Long Beach
Lying is one of the characteristic features of psychopathy, and has been recognized in clinical and diagnostic descriptions of the disorder, yet individuals with psychopathic traits have been found to have reduced neural activity in many of the brain regions that are important for lying. In this study, we examine brain activity in sixteen individuals with varying degrees of psychopathic traits during a task in which they are instructed to falsify information or tell the truth about autobiographical and non-autobiographical facts, some of which was related to criminal behavior. We found that psychopathic traits were primarily associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate, various regions of the prefrontal cortex, insula, angular gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobe when participants falsified information of any type. Associations tended to be stronger when participants falsified information about criminal behaviors. Although this study was conducted in a small sample of individuals and the task used has limited ecological validity, these findings support a growing body of literature suggesting that in some contexts, individuals with higher levels of psychopathic traits may demonstrate heightened levels of brain activity.
Brain abnormalities in antisocial individuals: Implications for the law
(Wiley, 2008) Yang, Yaling; Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; University of Southern California; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
With the increasing popularity in the use of brain imaging on antisocial individuals, an increasing number of brain imaging studies have revealed structural and functional impairments in antisocial, psychopathic, and violent individuals. This review summarizes key findings from brain imaging studies on antisocial/aggressive behavior. Key regions commonly found to be impaired in antisocial populations include the prefrontal cortex (particularly orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), superior temporal gyrus, amygdala-hippocampal complex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Key functions of these regions are reviewed to provide a better understanding on how deficits in these regions may predispose to antisocial behavior. Objections to the use of imaging findings in a legal context are outlined, and alternative perspectives raised. It is argued that brain dysfunction is a risk factor for antisocial behavior and that it is likely that imaging will play an increasing (albeit limited) role in legal decision-making. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early temperamental and psychophysiological precursors of adult psychopathic personality
(American Psychological Association, 2007) Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; Venables, Peter H.; Mednick, Sarnoff A.; University of Southern California; University of York - UK; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Emerging research on psychopathy in children and adolescents raises the question of whether indicators, such as temperament or psychophysiology, exist very early in life in those with a psychopathic-like personality in adulthood. This study tests the hypothesis that individuals who are more psychopathic in adulthood would be less fearful and inhibited and more stimulation seeking/sociable at age 3 and that they would also show reduced age 3 skin-conductance (SC) responsivity. In a community sample of 335 3-year-olds, behavioral measures of temperament were taken and electrodermal activity was recorded in response to both orienting and aversive tones. R. D. Hare's (1985) Self-Report Psychopathy scale (SRP-II) was administered at follow-up at age 28. Individuals scoring higher on the measure were significantly less fearful and inhibited, were more sociable, and displayed longer SC half-recovery times to aversive stimuli compared with controls at age 3. Contrary to predictions, they also showed increased autonomic arousal and SC orienting. Findings appear to be the first to suggest that a prospective link may exist between temperament and psychophysiology in very young children and psychopathic personality in adulthood.
Evolutionary theory and psychopathy
(Pergamon, 2011) Glenn, Andrea L.; Kurzban, Robert; Raine, Adrian; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Psychopathy represents a unique set of personality traits including deceitfulness, lack of empathy and guilt, impulsiveness, and antisocial behavior. Most often in the literature, psychopathy is described as pathology a disorder that has been linked to a variety of biological deficits and environmental risk factors. However, from an evolutionary perspective, psychopathy, while it could be a disorder, has been construed in the context of an adaptive strategy. In this article we will examine the strengths and weaknesses of two models suggesting that psychopathy is an adaptive strategy, and one model suggesting that it is a form of pathology resulting from accumulated mutations. Overall, we do not find that there is strong enough evidence to draw firm conclusions about one theory over another, but we highlight some areas where future research may be able to shed light on the issue. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Increased Volume of the Striatum in Psychopathic Individuals
(Elsevier, 2010) Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; Yaralian, Pauline S.; Yang, Yaling; University of Pennsylvania; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Background: The corpus striatum, comprised of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, plays an important role in reward processing and may be involved in the pathophysiology of antisocial behavior. Few studies have explored whether differences are present in the striatum of antisocial individuals. Here, we examine the structure of the striatum in relation to psychopathy. Methods: Using a case-control design, we examined the volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals compared with control subjects matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and substance dependence. Twenty-two psychopathic individuals assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and 22 comparison subjects underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Volumes of the left and right lenticular nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus), caudate head, and caudate body were assessed and the psychopathic and control groups were compared. Results: Psychopathic individuals showed a 9.6% increase in striatum volumes. Analyses of subfactors of psychopathy revealed that caudate body volumes were primarily associated with the interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy, while caudate head volumes were primarily associated with the impulsive, stimulation-seeking features. Conclusions: These findings provide new evidence for differences in the striatum of psychopathic individuals. This structural difference may partially underlie the reward-seeking and decision-making deficits associated with psychopathy.
Longitudinal bidirectional association between sleep and behavior problems at age 6 and 11 years
(Elsevier, 2021) Liu, Jianghong; Glenn, Andrea L.; Cui, Naixue; Raine, Adrian; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; Shandong University
Background: Although a growing number of longitudinal studies have found that sleep problems precede behavior problems, few have examined potential bidirectional relationships longitudinally. The present study examined prospective associations between sleep problems and internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems over the course of childhood. Methods: Participants included 775 children from the China Jintan Cohort Study. Sleep problems were rated by mothers at ages six and 11.5, as well as self-reported by children at age 11.5. Behavior problems were rated by mothers and teachers at ages six and 11.5, and self-reported by children at age 11.5. Results: At age six, 15.0% of children were reported to have sleep problems as rated by mothers. At age 11, this prevalence was 12% as rated by mothers and 20% as rated by youth. Bidirectional relationships between sleep problems and behavior problems were observed. Mother-reported sleep problems at age six were predictive of self-reported internalizing and attention problems at age 11.5, even after controlling for baseline behavioral problems. At age six, teacher-reported externalizing, internalizing, and attention problems, and mother-rated internalizing and externalizing problems were all related to sleep problems at age 11.5, even after controlling for baseline sleep problems. Other sociodemographic covariates including child sex, age, and parental education were controlled for. Conclusions: Findings provide further support for the reciprocal relationship between sleep problems and behavior problems. Early interventions that target both types of problems may be especially effective in preventing this aggravating healthebehavior cycle. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The neurobiology of psychopathy
(Saunders, 2008) Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Numerous studies have tackled the complex challenge of understanding the neural Substrates of psychopathy, revealing that brain abnormalities exist on several levels and in several structures. As we discover more about complex neural networks, it becomes increasingly difficult to clarify how these systems interact with each other to produce the distinct pattern of behavioral and personality characteristics observed in psychopathy. The authors review the recent research on the neurobiology of psychopathy, beginning with molecular neuroscience work and progressing to the level of brain structures and their connectivity. Potential factors that may affect the development of brain impairments, as well as how some systems may be targeted for potential treatment, are discussed.
The Neurobiology of Psychopathy: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
(Sage, 2009) Gao, Yu; Glenn, Andrea L.; Schug, Robert A.; Yang, Yaling; Raine, Adrian; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
We provide an overview of the neurobiological underpinnings of psychopathy. Cognitive and affective-emotional processing deficits are associated with abnormal brain structure and function, particularly the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. There is limited evidence of lower cortisol levels being associated with psychopathic personality. Initial developmental research is beginning to Suggest that these neurobiological processes may have their origins early in life. Findings suggest that psychopathic personality may, in part, have a neurodevelopmental basis. Future longitudinal studies delineating neurobiological correlates of the analogues of interpersonal-affective and antisocial features of psychopathy in children are needed to further substantiate a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychopathy.
Neurocognitive characteristics of youth with noncomorbid and comorbid forms of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(Saunders, 2017) Glenn, Andrea L.; Remmel, Rheanna J.; Ong, Min Yee; Lim, Nikki S. J.; Ang, Rebecca P.; Threadgill, A. Hunter; Ryerson, Nicole; Raine, Adrian; Fung, Daniel; Ooi, Yoon Phaik; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS); Nanyang Technological University & National Institute of Education (NIE) Singapore; Nanyang Technological University; National Institute of Education (NIE) Singapore; University of Pennsylvania; University of Basel
Objective: Studies investigating neurocognitive deficits in youth with conduct disorder (CD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often confounded by the high rates of comorbidity between the two. Method: Neurocognitive functioning was examined in three diagnostic groups (ADHD only, CD only, comorbid ADHD and CD) matched by age, sex, IQ, and medication status (n = 28-32 per group). Results: No significant differences emerged between the diagnostic groups on measures of risk-taking or response inhibition. Children with CD performed better on a measure of spatial planning than those with comorbid ADHD and CD, and dimensional analyses in the full sample (n = 265) revealed a small association between ADHD symptoms and poorer spatial planning. Conclusion: These results suggest that deficits in spatial planning may be more pronounced in individuals with ADHD, but that the neurocognitive functioning of youth with noncomorbid and comorbid CD and ADHD are largely similar. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Neurocriminology: implications for the punishment, prediction and prevention of criminal behaviour
(Nature Portfolio, 2013) Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of Pennsylvania
Criminal behaviour and violence are increasingly viewed as worldwide public health problems. A growing body of knowledge shows that criminal behaviour has a neurobiological basis, and this has intensified judicial interest in the potential application of neuroscience to criminal law. It also gives rise to important questions. What are the implications of such application for predicting future criminal behaviour and protecting society? Can it be used to prevent violence? And what are the implications for the way offenders are punished?
No volumetric differences in the anterior cingulate of psychopathic individuals
(Elsevier, 2010) Glenn, Andrea L.; Yang, Yaling; Raine, Adrian; Colletti, Patrick; University of Pennsylvania; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Southern California; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
Functional imaging studies of psychopathy have demonstrated reduced activity in the anterior cingulate, yet it is unclear whether this region is structurally impaired. In this study, we used structural MRI to examine whether volumetric differences exist in the anterior cingulate between psychopathic (n = 24) and control (n = 24) male participants. We found no group differences in the volume of the anterior cingulate or its dorsal and ventral subregions. Our findings call into question whether the anterior cingulate is impaired in psychopathy, or whether previous findings of reduced activity may result from reduced input from other deficient regions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives
(Pergamon, 2009) Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian; University of Pennsylvania; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
In the study of aggression, psychopathy represents a disorder that is of particular interest because it often involves aggression which is premeditated, emotionless, and instrumental in nature; this is especially true for more serious types of offenses. Such instrumental aggression is aimed at achieving a goal (e.g., to obtain resources such as money, or to gain status). Unlike the primarily reactive aggression observed in other disorders, psychopaths appear to engage in aggressive acts for the purpose of benefiting themselves. This is especially interesting in light of arguments that psychopathy may represent an alternative life-history strategy that is evolutionarily adaptive; behaviors such as aggression, risk-taking, manipulation, and promiscuous sexual behavior observed in psychopathy may be means by which psychopaths gain advantage over others. Recent neurobiological research supports the idea that abnormalities in brain regions key to emotion and morality may allow psychopaths to pursue such a strategy-psychopaths may not experience the social emotions such as empathy, guilt, and remorse that typically discourage instrumentally aggressive acts, and may even experience pleasure when committing these acts. Findings from brain imaging studies of psychopaths may have important implications for the law. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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