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The effects of systematic desensitization on stuttering in a standardized interview situation
(University of Alabama Libraries, 1968) Reynolds, David Seymour
The present investigation was designed to assess the effects of
systematic desensitization on a dysfunctional behavior frequently
seen in a clinical setting, i.e., chronic stuttering. There have
been previous clinical reports of success using this treatment technique
with stutterers (Lazarus, 1964; Lazarus & Rachman, 1957; Walton
& Mather, 1963). Because it has been suggested that the standardized
interview may be sensitive to changes in interactional behavior
following psychotherapy and other forms of treatment (Hannon, 1962;
Patterson, 1963; Sas 1ow & Matarazzo, 1959) it was selected as the
dependent measure here.
The primary question was whether systematic desensitization, as
used in this study, would effect changes in the speech behavior of
stutterers under standardized interview conditions. To determine
what changes had occurred measures were taken of both nonfluencies
and SI variables before and after treatment.
A secondary question was how stutterers would compare with normally
fluent Ss on SI variables. It was expected that SI variables
and nonfluency measures would be related since speech blocks would
tend to increase the length of time required to express a thought.
The direction of this relationship was difficult to predict, however,
because there had been no previous studies of the behavior of stutterers
under SI conditions.
Race as a Structural Determinant of Mental Health
(Slack Journals, 2024) Burton, Wanda Martin; Mumba, Mercy Ngosa
In the United States, one in five adults (52.9 million) were living with a mental health disorder in 2020 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023). According to the CDC (2023), mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being and affects thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Although higher prevalence rates of mental disorders are not typically reported in racialized minority groups due in part to imperfect racial categorizations and measurements, researchers contend that complex social and structural factors, including inequities in the social determinants of health (SDOH), contribute to Black American individuals’ stress and mental health concerns (Burton et al., 2023; Kim & Bostwick, 2020; Millet et al., 2020). In addition, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black adults are less likely to receive routine treatment for mental health disorders due to several factors, including lack of access to treatment, mistrust, and stigma (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2023). Moreover, people with mental health disorders oen receive mental health care in emergency departments (EDs) when routine care is lacking. National data from 2018 to 2020 show that mental health-related ED visits were highest among Black American individuals for substance use, anxiety, and mood disorders compared to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White ED patients (Peters et al., 2023).
Gendered Racism: A Call for an Intersectional Approach
(Slack Journals, 2022) Burton, Wanda Martin
Inequities in social determinants of health (SDOH) contribute to health disparities that outweigh an individual’s ability to make healthy choices. SDOH refer to environmental conditions that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. They are complex, interdependent, and often grouped in five categories: economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and the built environment, and social and community con- text. Within the social and community context, discrimination has increasingly received attention since the American Public Health Association established its National Campaign Against Racism (Jones, 2016a,b). Understanding, revealing, and redressing racism as a social and structural determinant of health may help eliminate racialized health disparities. Yet, for those who are at the inter- section of multiple oppressions, focusing on racism alone may not go far enough.